Download - Fundamentals of Group Dynamics
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Dr. Faisal Asghar Imam
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a group is any col lect ion o f ind iv iduals whoperceive themselves to be a group
Charles Handy
any number of people who (1) interact w i th
one ano ther (2) are psycho logically aware of
one ano ther and (3) perceive themselves to
be a group
Schein
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Fraser
1. Interaction
2. Perception
3. Goals
4. Roles
5. Norms
6. Affective relations
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Management succeeds or fails in proportionas it is accepted without reservation by thegroup as authority and leader. Elton Mayo
Understanding the element of perception &culture.
The importance of Social Controls onproductivity and management.
The alignment of individual and group goals
leads to more commitment, satisfaction andproductivity.
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Formal Organizational Functions
Complex, interrelated tasks
A means of generating new ideas
Facilitate implementation of decision-
participation
Socialization- internalized control
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Individual Functions
A means of developing a sense of identity
& self esteem
A means of defining reality
Fulfilling Affiliation needs
Reducing anxiety & powerlessnesshelp
& support
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REMEMBER:
The critical importance of alignment of
individual and group needs
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Formal & Informal groups
Dalton identified three types of cliques-
horizontal, vertical and random
Informal groups can facilitate
communication
Informal groups can also be disruptive andrestrictive- Hawthorne Studies
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FORMINGa set of individuals
STORMINGgoals, roles and controls
NORMINGcohesion and identity
PERFORMING- energy for completion of
tasks
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In certain situations the group rapidly goes throughthese stages (If people are committed, if individualand group needs are aligned or if the task is tooimportant-common enemy)
Sometimes it would take a longer time for thesestages (the task of the manager to know the stagethe group is at).
Certain organizational cultures do not encourage
storming, which leads to politiking.A misconception- groups only perform at the
performing stage.
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Conformity- degree of influence by the
group
Experiments of Solomon Asch;
1. Distortion of perception
2. Distortion of judgment
3. Distortion of action Power comes from unanimity &
cohesion
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how strongly they are attracted to groups.
Why members stay members
Size
Frequency of interaction
Agreement on goals
Inter group competition
Age of membersShared background
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Large size
Disagreement on goals
Intra group competition
Discussion dominated by few members
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Sherif and Sherif
Intra group behavior
1. More cohesion
2. Concern with task needs3. Autocratic leadership
Inter group behavior
1. Diminished interaction
2. Stereotyping and selective perception3. Distorted perception on forced interaction
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Locating a common enemy-emphasis on
organizational goals
Frequent rotation
Encourage communication
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The group becomes toocohesive1. Invulnerability
2. Rationalization
3. Inherent morality4. Stereotype
5. Direct pressure
6. Self censorship
7. Unanimity8. Mind guards
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Leon Festinger
1. Propinquity
2. Social Comparison theory
The Balance Theory
The Exchange Theory
Collective Goals