INTRODUCTION:

WHAT IS SAFETY

Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf), the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. Safety can also be defined to be the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of people or of possessions.

Risks and responses

Safety is generally interpreted as implying a real and significant impact on risk of death, injury or damage to property. In response to perceived risks many interventions may be proposed with engineering responses and regulation being two of the most common.

Probably the most common individual response to perceived safety issues is insurance, which compensates for or provides restitution in the case of damage or loss.

First aid plays a key role in safety.

WHAT IS FIRST -AID:

First – aid is the immediate treatment given to the victim of an accident or sudden illness, before medical help is obtained.

AIMS OF FIRST – AID:

To preserve life To promote recovery To prevent worsening of the casualty’s condition.

THE FIRST – AID:

Highly trained and retrained practically. Examined and reexamined regularly. Up to date in knowledge and skill.

First – aid is a skilled assistance but the first aider is not a doctor.After the doctor takes charge the first aider responsibility ends.

The first aider should observe carefully,think clearly and act quickly.

SCOP OF FIRST – AID

1. Diagnosis

2. Treatment and

3. Disposal

DIAGNOSIS: The first aider should examine the casualty to know the details of injuries and their nature. Diagnosis is based on its history, signs and symptoms.1. History of the case: It is the story of the accident that is how the

accident occurred. The surroundings will also add information. This information helps the first aider to estimate the condition and the type of treatment to be given.

2. Symptoms: such as pain, shivering, faintness, shock etc; will also help.

3. Signs: such as paleness, swelling, deformity of limbs etc; will also help the first aider to estimate the casualty condition.Based on these observations the treatment begins.

TREATMENT: The diagnosis will give him an idea of the treatment to be given until the doctor takes charge. The main ideas are:

1. If the cause of the accident is still there, remove it for example: an electric wire, pillar or logs on body etc.

2. Remove casualty from danger for example: a burning house, a room with poisonous gas etc.

3. Failure of breathing, stoppage of heart, severe bleeding, shock poisoning etc; for these conditions require the first aider’s prompt attention.

4. Continue the treatment until the doctor takes charge. DISPOSAL: Send the casualty to his house or to the hospital, as the case

may be, in a suitable manner.

DRESSING:

A dressing is a protective covering applied to a wound to:

Prevent infection. Absorb discharge. Control bleeding. Avoid further injury.

An efficient dressing should be sterile and have a high degree of porosity to allow for oozing and sweating.

APPLICATION OF DRESSING:

Great care must be taken in handling and applying dressings. Wash your hands thoroughly. Avoiding touching any part of the wound with the fingers, of any part of the dressing which will be in contact with the wound.

Do not talk or cough over the wound or the dressing. Dressing must be covered with adequate pads of cotton wool, extending

well beyond them and retained in position by bandage or strapping. If a dressing adheres to wound do not try to remove it. Cover it with

sterile dressing after cutting away whatever can be removed.

BANDAGES:

Bandages are used to:

Maintain direct pressure over addressing to control bleeding. Retain dressing and slings in position. Prevent or reduce swelling. Restrict movement. Assist in lifting and carrying casualty.

Bandages should not be used for padding when other materials are available. Bandages should be applied firm enough to keep dressing and splints in position but not to so tight as to cause injury to the part or impede the circulation of the blood. A blue tinge of the finger or nails may be a danger sign that the bandages are too tight, lose of sensation is another sign.

TYPES OF BANDAGES:

Two types:

1. triangular bandages2. roller bandages

Triangular Bandage:

A triangular Bandage is a piece of clothing material that can be utilized in an emergency. Among all the bandages, it practically is the most readily available since you can convert any clothing material into a triangular bandage in the event of an emergency.Among the many purposes of the triangular bandages are the following:

to hold the dressing in place

to prevent infection

for direct pressure

for arm sling

to hold splints togetherFrom among the different types of bandages available, the triangular bandage is widely use considering that these type of bandages can easily be secured out of any clothing material. May it be at home, or in the office or practically anywhere.

Aside from its availability, the triangular bandages can be applied to almost all areas. From head to foot, you can always maneuver the bandage in such a way that it can be useful.

There is also no problem in so far as sizes considering that the triangular bandage can easily be folded into different sizes in order to apply to different areas of the body. May the patient be an adult a child or an infant, triangular bandages can always be applied.

Use of triangular bandages:

1. As a whole cloth spread out fully.2. As a broad bandage: Bring the joint to the center of the base and then fold

again to the same direction.3. As a narrow bandage: Fold broad bandage once again.4. When a smaller size bandages is needed fold the original so as to bring the

ends together. The size is now reduced by half of the original.Tying the bandage:

1. For tying the bandage “Reef knot “must be always used.To make a reef knot take the ends of the bandage one in each hand cross the end in right hand under and then over the end in the left hand, thus making turn.

Then cross the end now in the right hand over and then under the end in the left hand, thus making a second turn.

2. The usual “Granny knot” should not be used as it is likely to come loose.3. The knot should be made where it does not hurt the skin or cause discomfort.4. Tuck the loose ends of the bandage out of the sight.5. When not in use, the triangular bandage should be folded narrow. Bring the

two ends to the center and fold again. It becomes a packet which measures 16cm * 9cm, handy to carry.

6. Triangular bandages are used as slings.BANDAGING WITH THE TRIANGULAR BANDAGE:

For the scalp:

1. fold a narrow hem of the base of open bandage and place it on the forehead just above the level of the eyebrows.

2. Take the two ends backwards,after placing the body of the bandage over the head, the point hanging near the nape of the neck.

3. Cross the two ends and take them forward above the ears to meet on the forehead, where they are tied.

4. Press on the head of the patient, draw the point firmly downwards and pin it to the bandages after taking it upwards.

For the forehead,eye, cheek or any part which is round in shape:

1. Use narrow or broad bandage depending upon the size of the wound.2. Apply the centre of the bandage over the pad and wind the bandage

around the part.3. Tie in a suitable place.

Front or back of the chest:

1. Place the centre of the bandage over the dressing, the point over the sound shoulder.

2. Carry the ends of the bandage round the body and tie it in such a way that one end is longer than the other.

3. Draw the point over shoulder and tie it to the longer end.4. If back of the chest has wounded reverse all the steps.

For the shoulder:

1. Stand facing the injured side.2. Place the centre of the open bandage on the shoulder, with the point over

the side of the neck reaching the ear.3. Carry the ends, after hemming the base inward around the middle of the

arm and tie the knot on the outer side, so the lower border of the bandage is fixed firmly in the position.

4. Apply a sling.5. Turn down the point of the bandage over the sling knot, draw tight and pin

it.

For the elbow:

1. Bend the elbow to a right angle if it is advisable to do so.

2. Folding a suitable hem of the base of a triangular bandage and apply it as follows.

3. Lay the point on the back of the upper arm, and the middle of the base on the back of the forearm.

4. Cross the ends in front of the elbow then round the arm, and tie the ends above the elbow.

5. Turn the point round and pin it.6. When the elbow should not be bent use an ordinary bandage with figure of

eight technique.

For the knee:

1. Bend the knee to the right angle.2. With a narrow inward hem, place the open bandage in front of the knee, with

the point upon the thigh.3. Cross the ends, take them upwards on the back of the thigh, bring them to the

front of the thigh and tie up.4. Bring the point down over the knot and the knee and pin it up.

In case the knee is not be bent,figure of eight bandage, using a narrow or a broad bandage is applied.

For the foot:

1. Place the foot in the centre of an open bandage with the point beyond the toes.2. Draw the point over the foot onto the leg.3. Cover the heel with the ends.4. Cross the ends round the ankle at the back.5. Bring the ends forward and tie them in front of the ankle.

6. Bring the point down and pin it up.

USES OF SLING:

1. To support injured arms and 2. To prevent pull by upper limb of the injuries to chest, shoulder and neck.Different types of slings:

The arm Sling:

The arm sling is used in cases of fractured ribs, injured arm, wrist and hands after application of splint or plaster casts and bandaging.

Applying the sling:

1. Face the casualty, put one end of the spread triangular bandage over the injured shoulder with the point on the injured side.

2. Pass the end around the neck and bring it over the injured side shoulder. The other end will now be hanging down over the chest.

3. Place the fore arm horizontally across the chest and bring the hanging end up. The fore arm is now covered by the bandage.

4. Tie the two ends in such a way that the fore arm is horizontal or slightly tilted upward and the knot is placed in the pit above the collar bone.

5. Tuck the part of the sling which is loose at the elbow, behind the elbow and bring the fold to the front and pin it up.

6. Place the free base of the bandage in such a way that its margin is just at the base of the nail of the little finger and the nails of other fingers should be exposed.

NOTE: Inspect the nails to see if there is any bluish color. A bluish color indicates the tightening of the splint or plasters and therefore free flow of blood is not possible.

Collar and cuff sling:

This sling iis used to support the wrist only.

1. The elbow is bent, the fore arm is placed across the chest such away that the fingers touch the opposite shoulder. In this position the sling is applied.

2. A clove-hitch is passed around the wrist and the ends hallow above the collar bone on the injured.

NOTE: A clove-hitch is made with a narrow bandage. Two loops are made and laid one on top of the other. Next the front loop is laid behind the back loop with out turning.

Triangular sling:

A triangular sling is used in treating a fracture of the collar bone.

1. Place the fore arm across the chest with the fingers pointing towards the opposite shoulder and the palm over the breast bone.

2. Place an open bandage over the chest, with one end over the hand and the point beyond the elbow.

3. Tuck the base of the bandage comfortably under the fore arm and hand.4. Fold the lower end also around the elbow and take up across the back over

towards the uninjured shoulder and tie it with the other free end into the hallow above the collar bone.

5. Tuck the point between the fore arm and the bandage.6. Tuck the fold so formed backwards over the lower half of the arm and fix it

with a safety pin.

ROLLER BANDAGES:

Roller bandages are used in hospitals and first aid posts. They are made out of flannel or cotton material loose mesh. Roller bandages are also meant to

keep dressing in position. The rolled part is called the head. The unrolled portion is tail; roller bandages should be applied firmly and evenly. They are of various lengths and widths.

Width of the roller bandages:1. 1 inch for fingers and toes.2. 2.5 inches for head and arm.3. 3.5 inches for leg.4. 6 inches for body.

General rules for application of roller bandages:

1. Face the patient.

2. When bandaging left limb hold the head of the bandage in the right hand and vice versa.3. Apply the outer side of the bandage over the pad and wind it round the

injury twice so that it is firm.4. Bandage from below upwards over the limb. Also make it a rule to apply

bandage from the inner side to the outer side.5. See that the bandage is neither too loose nor too tight.6. Roll bandage so that each layer covers 2/3rd of the earlier layer.7. Fix the bandage by pinning it up or using adhesive plaster.8. The usual practice of tearing the final end into two long tails and tighing

them up is quite satisfactory and practical.

Methods of applying roller bandages:

There are four methods:

1. Simple spiral:This is used on finger or uniform surfaces. The bandage is just carried round in spirals.

2. The reverse spiral:This is modified spiral in which the roll is reverse downwards on itself at each round, must be used where the thickness of the part varies, like the leg, etc.

3. Figure of eight:In this, the bandage is applied obliquely alternatively up and down, so that the loops appear like the figure of eight. It is used for joints like the elbow,knee, etc.

4. The spica:This is a modified figure of eight, and is useful for bandaging the hip, shoulder, groin and thumb.

FIRST AID TREATMENT METHODS: SHOCK:

Shock is a condition of collapse which should be treated on top priority, second only attending to obstructed breathing, stoppage of heart, or severe bleeding. It may lead to death if not treated in time.The most likely cause of shock is serious bleeding, or a severe burn or scald. These injuries must be treated immediately.If a person is showing signs of shock but has no visible injury, they may have internal bleeding.

Signs of shock:Early signs of shock include:

shallow, fast breathing rapid pulse becoming weaker pale, cold and sweaty skin – tinged with grey.

As it develops you will notice:

restlessness severe thirst vomits(in many cases) Become unconscious in later stages of shock.

Treating shock:1. Treat any obvious injuries.

2. Lay the person down on a blanket or rug to keep them warm. Reassure them.

3. Raise and support their legs above the level of their heart.

©Info 4. In case of vomiting place in the three – quarter back – up position.5. Never use hot water bottles or very warm rugs. Don’t rub any part of the body.6. Loosen any tight clothing.

7. Call an ambulance.

8. Do not give them anything to eat or drink because they may later need a general anesthetic in hospital.

9. Most important: remove to the hospital as top priority.

ELECTRICAL INJURIES:

Effects of electrical shock:

There may be fatal paralysis of the heart.

There may be sudden stoppage of breathing due to paralysis of muscles used in breathing.

Heart may continue to beat, while breathing has stopped. In this condition face appears blue.

There may be burns, either superficial or deep.they depend on the electric current causing the injuries.

Management:

1.If the casualty is still in contact with the conductor switch off the current. If the switch is not to be found, remove the plug or cut off the current by breaking the wire.

NOTE: before cutting off the current, ensure that you stand on a dry piece of wooden board. Donot use scissors or knife.

2. If the casualty is not breathing normally, or heart has stopped breathing give artificial respiration and external cardiac massage for a long time.

3. Treat for shock.

4. Treat for burns.

5. Transfer to a hospital or seek the help of a medical practitioner, who is nearest.

6. Even when the casualty has recovered fairly well after first aid has given; he must be examined by a medical specialist because electric injuries are liable to relapse.

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION(CPR):

There is no substitute for learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), but emergencies don't wait for training. These instructions are for conventionaThese are the steps to perform adult CPR:

Time Required: CPR should start as soon as possible

Here's How:

1. Attempt to wake victim. If the victim is not breathing (or is just gasping for breath), call 911 immediately and go to step 2. If someone else is there to help, one of you call 911 while the other moves on to step 2.

If the victim is breathing, see the Tips section at the bottom of this page for what to do.

2. Begin chest compressions. If the victim is not breathing, place the heel of your hand in the middle of his chest. Put your other hand on top of the first with your fingers interlaced. Compress the chest at least 2 inches (4-5 cm). Allow the chest to completely recoil before the next compression. Compress the chest at a rate of at least 100 pushes per minute. Perform 30 compressions at this rate (should take you about 18 seconds).

If you are not trained in CPR, continue to do chest compressions until help arrives or the victim wakes up.

It's normal to feel pops and snaps when you first begin chest compressions - DON'T STOP! You're not going to make the victim worse.

3. Begin rescue breathing. If you have been trained in CPR, after 30 compressions, open the victim's airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift method. Pinch the victim's nose and make a seal over the victim's mouth with yours. Use a CPR mask if available. Give the victim a breath big enough to make the chest rise. Let the chest fall, then repeat the rescue breath once more. If the chest doesn't rise on the first breath, reposition the head and try again. Whether it works on the second try or not, go to step 4.

If you don't feel comfortable with this step, just continue to do chest compressions at a rate of at least 100/minute.

4. Repeat chest compressions. Do 30 more chest compressions just like you did the first time.

5. Repeat rescue breaths. Give 2 more breaths just like you did in step 3 (unless you're skipping the rescue breaths).

6. Keep going. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for about two minutes (about 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2 rescue breaths).

If you have access to an automated external defibrillator (AED), continue to do CPR until you can attach it to the victim and turn it on. If you saw the victim collapse, put the AED on right away. If not, attach it after approximately one minute of CPR (chest compressions and rescue breaths).

7. After 2 minutes of chest compressions and rescue breaths, stop compressions and recheck victim for breathing. If the victim is still not breathing, continue CPR starting with chest compressions.

8. Repeat the process, checking for breathing every 2 minutes (5 cycles or so), until help arrives. If the victim wakes up, you can stop CPR.

Tips:

1. Chest compressions are extremely important. If you are not comfortable giving rescue breaths, still perform chest compressions! It's called Hands Only CPR.

2. If the victim is breathing, briskly rub your knuckles against the victim's sternum. If the victim does not wake, call 911.

What You Need:

Nothing. You can do CPR without any special tools.

A mouth-to-mouth CPR barrier is optional.

An automated external defibrillator (AED) may be available.

FOR CHILDREN:

1. Children may be infected with contagious diseases. If you are concerned about possible exposure to contagious disease, practice universal precautions and wear personal protective equipment, if available.

1. Try to Wake the ChildGently tap or shake the child's shoulders and call out his or her name in a loud voice. Don't hurt the child, but be aggressive -- you're trying to wake her up.

If the child does not wake up, have someone call 911 immediately. If no one else is available to call 911 and the child is not breathing, continue to step 3 and do CPR for about 2 minutes before calling 911.

2. Begin chest compressionsIf the child is not breathing, put one hand on the breastbone directly between the child's nipples. Push straight down about 2 inches -- or about a third of the thickness of the child's chest -- and then let the chest all the way back up. Do that 30 times, about twice per second.

If you've been trained in CPR and you remember how to give rescue breaths, go to step 4. If not, just keep doing chest compressions and go to step 5.

3. Give the child two breathsafter pushing on the chest 30 times, cover the child's mouth with your mouth and pinch his nose closed with your fingers. Gently blow until you see his chest rise. Let the air escape -- the chest will go back down -- and give one more breath.

If no air goes in when you try to blow, adjust the child's head and try again. If that doesn't work, then skip it and go back to chest compressions (step 3), you can try rescue breaths again after 30 more compressions.

4. Keep doing CPR and call for an ambulenceIf you are by yourself, keep doing CPR for 2 minutes (about 5 groups of compressions) before calling ambulence. Even if the child wakes up, you need to call ambulance any time you had to do CPR.

Once ambulence has been called or you have someone else calling, keep doing CPR. Don't stop until help arrives or the child wakes up.

Tips:

1. When checking for breathing, if you're not sure then assume the child isn't breathing. It's much worse to assume a kid is breathing and not do anything than to assume he or she isn't and start rescue breaths.

2. When giving rescue breaths, using a CPR mask helps with making a proper seal and keeps vomit out of the rescuer's mouth.

3. Put a book under the child's shoulders -- if you have time -- to help keep his or her head tilted back.

HOW TO TREAT A BURN:

Time Required: Up to several daysHere's How:

1. STAY SAFE! Do not let the rescuer get burned trying to save the victim. Follow universal precautions and wear personal protective equipment if you have it.

2. Treating a burn begins with stopping the burning process. Cool the burned area with cool running water for several minutes.

If an ambulance is coming, continue running water over the burned area until the ambulance arrives.

3. Look for blistering, sloughing, or charred (blackened) skin.

Blistering or sloughing (skin coming off) means the top layer of skin is completely damaged and complications are likely. Charring indicates even deeper damage to all three layers of skin (see illustration).

If the damaged area is bigger than one entire arm or the whole abdomen, call 911 or take the victim to the emergency department immediately.

4. Victims with burns to the following areas need emergency medical assistance (call 911):

face

hands

feet

genitalia

Mild burns with reddened skin and no blisters may be treated with a topical burn ointment or spray to reduce pain.

Cool water (not cold or warm) may also help with pain.

DO NOT APPLY BUTTER OR OIL TO ANY BURN!

HOW TO TREAT A DIFFRENT TYPES OF BURNS:

First degree burns. For this type of burn, you do not need a prescription cream. You also do not need to use an antibiotic cream. One of the best treatments for first degree burns is aloe vera. Buy a bottle of 100% aloe gel and apply several times a day. Be sure to buy 100% aloe. Some bottles will say, "made with pure aloe", but only contain 10% aloe. Read the ingredients. Basically, it should only read aloe on the label. You can also use the juice from the leaf of an aloe plant, if you have one.

Second degree burns. Treating this type of burn is more complex. You should check with your doctor about how to treat your child's second-degree burns. Here are some general guidelines that we recommend. Twice a day do the following:

o Rinse the area with comfortable temperature water. Use a sink or bathtub faucet. The stream of water will remove germs, dead skin, and debris.

o Air dry.

o Apply prescription burn cream called Silvadene (the generic equivalent is silver sulfadiazine). This is an antibiotic cream that has

excellent healing properties, and is an important part of the burn treatment because it's very effective at preventing infection. You need to apply it aseptically; buy a package of sterile tongue depressors to use. Use a lot of cream, as if you were icing a cake. When you change the bandage, if all the cream is worn off or soaked in, then you didn't use enough. Silvadene contains silver, and you will notice a dark "tarnish" discoloration on the bandages.

o Cover with a bandage. Your doctor may recommend a specific type of bandage. Typically a non-stick pad is placed over the cream (one brand name is Telfa), than a gauze is taped or wrapped around the area.

o Stretch. If the burn is on an area of the body that stretches or pulls a lot (such as the palm of the hand or palm side of the fingers), the burned skin is at risk of healing too tight. This is called a contracture. In this type of area, it is very important to stretch this skin around ten times a day for one minute.

o Cut away the blister – after the blister pops on it's own. Your doctor may cut the dead blistered skin away. This will help prevent infection and will promote healing. If you have a large blister that pops after several days, then go back to see your doctor. He or she may want to cut it away.

o Watch for infection. Call or see your doctor if you detect any foul- smelling greenish discharge from the burn, or see an expanding area of redness around the burn.

Third degree burns. Because of the seriousness and potential for scarring from this type of burn, it is recommended that you go to a burn center or ER for initial treatment, and then continue your follow-up care with a burn surgeon. We cannot put any general recommendations here for this type of burn emergency department.

TIPS:

1. Burns cause swelling. Burns of the face and neck can sometimes swell enough to cause difficulty breathing. If that happens, call for an ambulance immediately.

2. Burns that completely circle the hands or feet may cause such severe swelling that blood flow is restricted. If swollen or tight hands and feet become numb and tingly, blue, cold, or "fall asleep," then call ambulance immediately.

3. While the burn is healing, wear loose natural clothing like silks or light cottons. Harsher fabrics will irritate the skin even more.

4. Burns destroy skin and the loss of skin can lead to infection, dehydration and hypothermia (loss of body heat). Make sure that burn victims get emergency medical help if experiencing any of the following:

dizziness or confusion

weakness

fever or chills

shivering

cold sweats

Guide since 2006

HOW TO STOP BLEEDING:

Regardless how severe, all bleeding can be controlled. If left uncontrolled, bleeding may lead to shock or even death. Most bleeding can be stopped before the ambulance arrives at the scene. While you're performing the steps for controlling bleeding, you should also be calling for an ambulance to respond. Bleeding control is only part of the equation.

The first step in controlling a bleeding wound is to plug the hole. Blood needs to clot in order to start the healing process and stop the bleeding. Just like ice won't form on the rapids of a river, blood will not coagulate when it's flowing.

The best way to stop it is to...stop it. Put pressure directly on the wound. If you have some type of gauze, use it. Gauze pads hold the blood on the wound and help the components of the blood to stick together, promoting clotting. If you don't have gauze, terrycloth towels work almost as well.

If the gauze or towel soaks through with blood, add another layer. Never take off the gauze. Peeling blood soaked gauze off a wound removes vital clotting agents and encourages bleeding to resume.

Once bleeding is controlled, take steps to treat the victim for shock.

Step two to control bleeding uses this principle. Elevate the wound above the heart. By elevating the wound, you slow the flow of blood. As the blood slows, it becomes easier to stop it with direct pressure. Remember, it must be above the heart and you must keep direct pressure on it.

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS FOR BROKEN BONES:1. The victim was injured somehow. Don't get hurt the same way. Follow

universal precautions and wear personal protective equipment if you have it.

2. If the foot or hand at the end of the injured extremity is cold or blue, call ambulance immediately!

3. Do NOT straighten the extremity if it is deformed - keep it in the position found.

4. Stabilize the extremity. Use padding to keep it immobile.

5. Put ice on the injury. Never put the ice directly on the skin - put it in a bag first. After holding ice on the injury for about 20 minutes, take it off for 20 minutes.

6. Anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen will help with pain.

7. Elevate the extremity to reduce swelling.

8. If 911 was not called, seek medical assistance for additional pain relief and further evaluation of the injury. The use of an ambulance is probably not

necessary, but ambulances in many areas are capable of providing additional pain relief.

Tips:

1. A little water in the ice bag will help it conform to the shape of the injury.

2. Compression wraps may also help reduce swelling, although the evidence is not compelling. Wrap the extremity about 4-6 inches above and below the injury. The wrap should be snug, but loose enough to fit one finger under the elastic bandage.

HOW TO TREAT SPRAINS:

Sprain is the stretch/tear of ligament connecting bones  Occurs in both the upper & lower part of the body 

Most common sites - ankle/wrists/knee 

   Causes Trauma/accidents  Lifting heavy objects 

Sporting injuries 

   Symptoms Pain  Swelling 

Lumps other than swelling 

Bruising/redness at site of injury 

Numbness 

Inability to move the joint 

   Treatment Apply a cold compress to injured area for 20 min  This may be done 4-8 times a day 

Use a plastic bag with crushed ice, wrapped in a towel 

Use compression bandages to reduce swelling 

Keep the injured leg elevated on a pillow 

Take anti inflammatory pills if necessary 

Take rest for the recommended period 

When pain/swelling is diminished, do recommended exercises 

   Consult a doctorIf the following occurs- Severe pain/numbness  Inability to move the joint 

Inability to assess the severity of injury 

   Steps To Avoid Do not return to normal activities if not completely cured  This could lead to the problem turning chronic 

   Prevention Avoid exercising/sporting when tired  Eat a well balanced meal-for healthy muscles 

Avoid unhealthy weight gain 

Exercise daily-particularly stretching exercises 

Do warm-up before exercising 

Practice safety measures, like avoiding clutter 

Run on even surface 

Do not wear ill-fitting shoes  

HOW TO TREAT AN IMPALED OBJECT IN THE EYE:

1. If you are not the victim, practice universal precautions and wear personal protective equipment if available.

Rapid medical treatment is a must.

2. Do not put any pressure on the impaled object or the eyeball.

3. Cover both eyes with a bulky dressing, taking care not to put any pressure on either eye. Remember not to put any pressure on the impaled object. Covering both eyes keeps the injured eye from moving and causing more damage.

4. This injury will require surgery, make sure the victim does not eat or drink anything.

Tips:

1. If available, a paper or Styrofoam cup with a hole in the bottom can slide over the impaled object and cover the injured eye without putting any pressure on the eye or the object.

What You Need:

Bulky dressings

Guide since 2006

HOW TO TREAT A SNAKE BITE:

1. Get away from the snake place. Follow universal precautions and wear personal protective equipment .Call ambulance immediately! Waiting until the pain may lead to permanent tissue damage.

2. Do not elevate. Keep the bite below the level of the heart.

3. Wash the area with warm water and soap.

4. Remove constricting clothing and jewelry from the extremity. The area may swell and constricting items will cause tissue death.

5. If the snake is an elapid species (coral snakes and cobras), wrap the extremity with an elastic pressure bandage. Start from the point closest to the heart and wrap towards the fingers or toes. Continue to keep the bite lower than the heart.

6. Follow the basics of first aid while waiting for responders to arrive. Be especially concerned about the potential for shock.

NOTE:

NO CUTTING & SUCKING! Those snake bite kits from the drug store don't work. Cutting into the wound will just create infections.

INSECTS BITES AND STINGS:

For emergencies (severe reactions):

1. Check the person's airways and breathing. If necessary, call ambulence and begin rescue breathing and CPR.

2. Reassure the person. Try to keep him or her calm.

3. Remove nearby rings and constricting items because the affected area may swell.

4. Use the person's Epi-pen or other emergency kit, if they have one. (Some people who have serious insect reactions carry it with them.)

5. If appropriate, treat the person for signs of shock. Remain with the person until medical help arrives.

General steps for most bites and stings:

1. Remove the stinger if still present by scraping the back of a credit card or other straight-edged object across the stinger. Do not use tweezers -- these may squeeze the venom sac and increase the amount of venom released.

2. Wash the site thoroughly with soap and water.

3. Place ice (wrapped in a washcloth) on the site of the sting for 10 minutes and then off for 10 minutes. Repeat this process.

4. If necessary, take an antihistamine, or apply creams that reduce itching.

5. Over the next several days, watch for signs of infection (such as increasing redness, swelling, or pain).

Do NotDo NOT apply a tourniquet. Do NOT give the person stimulants, aspirin, or other pain medication unless

prescribed by the doctor

HOW TO TREAT CHOCKING: HEIMLICH MANEUVER:

1. Ask the choking person to stand if he or she is sitting.

Place yourself slightly behind the standing victim.

Reassure the victim that you know the Heimlich maneuver and are going to help.

Place your arms around the victim's waist.

Make a fist with one hand and place your thumb toward the victim, just above his or her belly button.

Grab your fist with your other hand.

Deliver five upward squeeze-thrusts into the abdomen.

Make each squeeze-thrust strong enough to dislodge a foreign body.

Understand that your thrusts make the diaphragm move air out of the victim's lungs, creating a kind of artificial cough.

Keep a firm grip on the victim, since he or she can lose consciousness and fall to the ground if the Heimlich maneuver is not effective.

Repeat the Heimlich maneuver until the foreign body is expelled.

Tips & Warnings

If a victim is coughing strongly or able to talk, let the person try to expel the foreign body using his or her own efforts.

If the choking victim displays a weak or ineffective cough, this indicates that air exchange is minimal and that you should start the Heimlich maneuver.

. To avoid breaking bones, never place your hands on the victim's breastbone or lower ribcage when performing the Heimlich maneuver.

TREATMENT METHOD FOR CHEMICAL EXPOSURE:

Chemicals on Skin or Clothing

1. Immediately flush with water for no less than 15 minutes (except for Hydrofluoric Acid, Flammable Solids or >10% Phenol). For larger spills, the safety shower should be used.

2. While rinsing, quickly remove all contaminated clothing or jewelry. Seconds count. Do not waste time because of modesty.

3. Use caution when removing pullover shirts or sweaters to prevent contamination of the eyes.

4. Check the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) to determine if any delayed effects should be expected.

5. Discard contaminated clothing or launder them separately from other clothing. Leather garments or accessories cannot be decontaminated and should be discarded.

Do not use solvents to wash skin. They remove the natural protective oils from the skin and can cause irritation and inflammation. In some cases, washing with a solvent may facilitate absorption of a toxic chemical.

For flammable solids on skin, first brush off as much of the solid as possible, then proceed as described above.

For hydrofluoric acid, rinse with water for 5 minutes and apply calcium gluconate gel, then get immediate medical attention.  If no gel is available, rinse for 15 minutes and go immediately to near health center.

For phenol concentrations more than 10%, flush with water for 15 minutes or until the affected area turns from white to pink.  Apply polyethylene glycol, if available.  Do not use ethanol.  Proceed as described above.

Chemicals in Eyes

1. Immediately flush eye(s) with water for at least fifteen minutes. The eyes must be forcibly held open to wash, and the eyeballs must be rotated so all surface area is rinsed. The use of an eye wash fountain is desirable so hands are free to hold the eyes open. If eyewash is not available, pour water on the eye, rinsing from the nose outward to avoid contamination of the unaffected eye.

2. Remove contact lenses while rinsing. Do not lose time removing contact lenses before

rinsing. Do not attempt to rinse and reinsert contact lenses.

3. Seek medical attention regardless of the severity or apparent lack of severity. If an ambulance or transportation to near Health Center is needed, contact Public Safety at 911. Explain carefully what chemicals were involved.

Chemical Inhalation

1. Close containers, open windows or otherwise increase ventilation, and move to fresh air.

2. If symptoms, such as headaches, nose or throat irritation, dizziness, or drowsiness persist, seek medical attention by calling ambulance and transported to near health center. Explain carefully what chemicals were involved.

3. Review the MSDS to determine what health effects are expected, including delayed effects.

Accidental Ingestion of Chemicals

1. Immediately go to University Health Services or contact the Poison Control Center at 800-962-1253 for instructions.

1. Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by a health care provider.

Accidental Injection of Chemicals

Wash the area with soap and water and seek medical attention, if necessary.

Exposure to Infectious Agents (top)

Intact skin:

1. Remove contaminated clothing. 2. Vigorously wash contaminated skin for 1 minute with soap and water.

Broken, cut or damaged skin or puncture wound

1. Remove contaminated clothing. 2. Vigorously wash contaminated skin for 5 minutes with soap and water.

3. Seek medical attention at Health Center.

Eye

1. Immediately flush eyes for at least 15 minutes with water, preferably using eyewash. If no eyewash is available, pour water on the eye(s) for 15 minutes, rinsing from the nose outward to avoid contamination of the unaffected eye.

2. Hold eyelids away from your eyeball and rotate your eyes so that all surfaces may be washed thoroughly.

3. Seek medical attention at Health Center.

Ingestion or Inhalation

1. Seek medical attention at Health Center. 2. Do not induce vomiting unless advised to do so by a health care provider.

FIRST AID FOR POISONING:

Poisons are substances that cause injury, illness or death These events are caused by a chemical activity in the cells 

Poisons can be injected, inhaled or swallowed 

Poisoning should be suspected if a person is sick for unknown reason

Poor ventilation can aggravate Inhalation poisoning 

First aid is critical in saving the life of victims 

   Causes Medications  Drug overdose 

Occupational exposure 

Cleaning detergents/paints 

Carbon mono oxide gas from furnace, heaters 

Insecticides 

Certain cosmetics 

Certain household plants, animals 

Food poisoning (Botulism) 

   Symptoms Blue lips  Skin Rashes 

Difficulty in breathing 

Diarrhea 

Vomiting/Nausea 

Fever 

Head ache 

Giddiness/drowsiness 

Double vision 

Abdominal/chest pain 

Palpitations/Irritability 

Loss of appetite/bladder control 

Numbness 

Muscle twitching 

Seizures 

Weakness 

Loss of consciousness 

   Treatment Seek immediate medical help

Meanwhile, Try and identify the poison if possible  Check for signs like burns around mouth, breathing difficulty or vomiting 

Induce vomiting if poison swallowed 

In case of convulsions, protect the person from self injury 

If the vomit falls on the skin, wash it thoroughly 

Position the victim on the left till medical help arrives 

For inhalation poisoning Seek immediate emergency help  Get help before you attempt to rescue others 

Hold a wet cloth to cover your nose and mouth 

Open all the doors and windows 

Take deep breaths before you begin the rescue 

Avoid lighting a match 

Check the patient's breathing 

Do a CPR, if necessary 

If the patient vomits, take steps to prevent choking 

   Steps to Avoid Avoid giving an unconscious victim anything orally  Do not induce vomiting unless told by a medical personnel 

Do not give any medication to the victim unless directed by a doctor 

Do not neutralize the poison with limejuice/honey

   Prevention Store medicines, cleaning detergents, mosquito repellants and paints

carefully  Keep all potentially poisonous substances out of children's reach 

Label the poisons in your house 

Avoid keeping poisonous plants in or around house 

Take care while eating products such as berries, roots or mushrooms 

Teach children the need to exercise caution 

Sunburn First Aid

Sunburn can be a serious first aid situation. If there are any signs of shock, faintness or dizziness, rapid pulse or rapid breathing, phone a physician or emergency medical help. This also applies to cases of eye pain, nausea, chills or fever. If the sunburn is painful or severe in any other way phone for medical assistance.

In some cases, symptoms of severe sunburn can take an hour or two to appear. Blistering is a sign of a second degree burn. This may require medical attention.

Most cases of sunburn are not so severe, and in these cases there are a number of treatments and products you should know about:

you can cool the skin with cold compresses or even a cool bath. Do not pop blisters. Leave them intact.

Take any over-the-counter pain medication, such as aspirin, ibuprofen or acetaminophen

anesthetic sprays (e.g. the commercial product, Paxyl) can take away the pain of sunburn, but use these with caution. Bad burns should be treated by professionals.

Do not use any oil or petroleum-based lotions on serious sunburn. These include tea tree oil, petroleum jelly, butter and most ointments. These trap the heat of the burn. These can be used in the days following, but should not be administered to a fresh sun burn.

PRODUCTS OF FIRST AID:

GUAZE BANDAGE:A (medicine) bleached cotton cloth of plain weave used for bandages and dressings ORPiece of soft material that covers and protects an injured part of the body

ABSORBENT COTTON GUAZE:

Ideal for wound dressing, general cleaning and minor pepping.

EYE PAD:

Suitable for eye injury care, and medication applications. The eye patch is placed over a wounded or infect eye, a triangular bandage wrapped around the head is a good way to hold it in place

GUAZE ROLLERS:

Gauze rolls come in various lengths and sizes and can be wrapped around any wound can also be used to hold a gauze.

Tape is good for wrapping blisters, cuts, scrapes and other wounds. Common household bandages employ tape, and to properly wrap larger wounds tape is to be employed in a relatively similar fashion to this. A well taped wound will heal faster and cleaner than an open wound, provided it can breathe. Tape is especially essential to sports first aid kits and outdoor first aid kits.

Triangular bandages:Triangular bandages can be used to sling an arm, wrap around a wrist injury, wrap around an injured head. A very versatile bandage - a valuable addition to any first aid kit pad in place

STERILISED BURN SHEET:They prevent infection without sticking to the burned area. Their construction resists tearing and conforms to the person's contours. The burn sheet may be used as a wet or dry dressing.

STRIP BAND-AID:

The strip bandage is the most common bandage to first aid kits, used for any small wound on a flat surface.

ANTISEPTIC OINTMENT:

Antiseptics are a group of medicines that arrest or halt the growth of germs and aid in the prevention of infections in minor cuts, scrapes and burns. Antiseptics do not actually kill bacteria. Antiseptics are often included in first aid kits, but the rule of thumb that applies to their use is, only if there’s nothing else.

Antiseptics include hydrogen peroxide, iodine, isopropyl (or rubbing) alcohol, methyl salicylate, phenol, and thymol. If you are going to use any of these, you should ask your doctor or pharmacist how to apply them properly. Do not use antiseptics for any extended length of time.

Using antiseptics like hydrogen peroxide, iodine or rubbing alcohol is more appropriate for the area around the wound, but not on or in the wound.

PrecautionsIf you are going to use antiseptics use them only for small cuts and scrapes. Antiseptics also should not be used to treat large wounds, deep cuts, puncture wounds, eye injuries, sunburn, other significant burns, animal bites, gritty wounds or pre-existing infections.

Side effects of antisepticsHydrogen peroxide can damage skin and mucus membranes. It can also lead to infection, instead of preventing it. Iodine has been shown to occasionally cause a lasting stinging sensation, burn. If you are going to use it, be certain to allow the iodine to dry before dressing the wound (covering with a bandage). Some people develop an allergy to iodine after repeated use.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are narrowly defined as medicines that kill the bacteria which causes infections. Since the 1930s, antibiotics have been used to treat many different infections, from sore throats to tuberculosis, meningitis and other more serious infections. Antibiotics in the form of creams, ointments and pills can figure prominently in a first aid kit.

Antibacterial ointments specifically often find products like triple antibiotic ointment. These can contain bacteria fighting ingredients, which might treat minor infections.

BURNS HEAL CREAM:

A cream commonly used to treat burns may actually delay healing and minimize the risk of burns becoming infected, although concerns have recently been raised about its toxic effects on skin cells.

SPRAIN HEALING BANDAGES:

Sprains are the result of overstretching the ligaments. The ligaments may be partially or completely torn. Sprains may accompany broken bones, though a fracture need not be present for ligaments to be damaged. All sprains should be treated with care to speed the healing processELASTIC BANDAGES:Elastic bandages allow some movement of the injured joint to reduce stiffness as the ligaments heal. Immobilizing a sprain completely can cause the ligaments to freeze. This is a serious complication reduced by the use of elastic bandages.

SPACE BLANKET:

A space blanket (also known as a Mylar blanket, first aid blanket , emergency blanket , thermal blanket or weather blanket ) is a blanket used in emergencies to reduce heat losses in a person's body caused by thermal radiation, water evaporation and convection.

Aspirin First Aid Pain Reliever

Aspirin relieves minor aches and pains, reduces fever, redness and swelling and can be used as a blood thinner. Some people take aspirin daily to reduce their risk of heart attack and stroke. The active ingredient in aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. Aspirin is sold over the counter in different forms, including tablets, gum and rectal suppositories. Both regular and chewable aspirin should be taken with water or after meals, to avoid upset stomach.

WarningAspirin, including children's aspirin, should never be given to children or teenagers with flu symptoms or chickenpox. Aspirin can cause Reye's syndrome, a very serious disease of the nervous system and liver. This disease has a 30% mortality rate and in other cases it can cause permanent brain damage. Be sure to consult with a physician before giving aspirin long term to children 12 and under.

PrecautionsPeople in the following categories should consult with a physician before using aspirin:

Pregnant women. Aspirin may cause bleeding problems in both infant and mother. Overuse of aspirin can cause the infant's birth weight to be too low.

Breastfeeding mothers. Aspirin can pass into breast milk and affect the baby.

People with a history of bleeding problems.

People taking other blood-thinning drugs like warfarin (Coumadin).

People with a history of ulcers or other stomach problems

People with asthma and/or nasal polyps may have a reaction to aspirin.

Anyone with allergies to fenoprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, meclofenamate sodium, naproxen, sulindac, tolmetin, or tartrazine (orange food colour) may also be allergic to aspirin.

AIDS patients or those taking AZT (zidovudine) may raise risk of bleeding.

People with liver damage or who have suffered severe kidney failure.

Side effectsThe following reactions may pass, but if they are or become severe contact a physician.

upset stomach vomiting

stomach pain

For symptoms listed below, contact your physician immediately:

ringing in the ears or loss of hearing bloody or black stools

wheezing or difficulty breathing

dizziness, mental confusion or drowsiness

skin rash

Storage: Keep medication tightly closed, out of reach of children. If tablets have a strong vinegar smell do not use.

In emergency: In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911

Cold Packs

Cold packs are used often in first aid, to treat swelling due to bumps, bruises, sprains and strains. Of course, ice is most commonly used, but ice can be uncomfortably cold, messy and bulky. Cold packs come in the form of:

chemical-based cold packs gel packs available in various forms

herbal cold packs

Chemical based cold packsThese are disposable packs that you click or pop causing a chemical reaction inside the pack. This chemical reaction is a controlled cooling, usually just above the freezing point, lasting for 15 minutes. These are somewhat similar to chemical hot packs, in that they rely on a chemical reaction.

Chemical cold pack fearsIn a survey from the Emergency Department at the University of Southern California Medical Center, patients who had ingested cold pack materials (either deliberately or by accident) did not develop severe toxicity. Of course, should you or someone you are with ingest this material, call a physician immediately.

Cold gel packsFirst aid gel packs can be purchased (often usable as cold or hot packs) and kept in the refrigerator or freezer for use in emergencies. These are available in a wide array of kits, including packs formed for ankle injuries, head injuries (cranial gel packs), injuries to knees, shoulders and many other body parts.

The advantage of cold gel packs is that they can be reused nearly endlessly (unless punctured or otherwise damaged). Chemical based cold packs can be taken and used anywhere.

Herbal cold packs Herbal cold packs are usually made of cloth and filled with natural herbs and grains that retain cold, for comfortable, natural cooling.

An ounce of preventionSunburn is generally underestimated as a medical problem and it has long term negative effects. Especially for small children, the value of warding off sunburn cannot be stressed highly enough. Protect your children by having them wear sleeved clothing as much as possible. Hats and umbrellas are very valuable tools in staving off sunburn. For proper sunscreen, wear SPF 15 or higher. Use sunscreen even if it is cloudy as a percentage of UV rays pass through clouds.

For more information on sunburn first aid treatment see our page on burn gels.

Thermometers

In 2002, the US National Senate imposed a national ban on mercury thermometers. Due to safety and ease of use, digital thermometers are now the norm. Digital thermometers give a closer reading than mercury (not necessarily more accurate) and are safer to use.

Digital thermometers also carry the following features:

memory of past readings more compact design

large display for easy reading

glow light for night time readings

shorter measuring time and

sound alarms indicating reading

Digital thermometers measure temperature in Celsius and Fahrenheit. They come in three kinds:

ear thermometers oral thermometers and

clinical thermometers

Aside from first aid requirements, thermometers can be convenient for other uses such as helping women monitor their menstrual cycles. It is important to use sanitary seals with your thermometer in order to maintain sterility.

CalibrationOne poorly known aspect of digital thermometers is that they can go out of calibration. They need to be checked every six months to be recalibrated for accuracy.

Eye wash stations : Generally/Most people don’t have an eye wash station in their homes, but you can always get a bottle to include in your first aid box.

Oxygen packs : Oxygen packs only use if you’ve been trained on artificial respiration first.

Emergency Oxygen Packs

Oxygen packs can be a worthwhile, even life-saving, addition to any first aid station. Oxygen can be used as a treatment for victims who are breathing, but short of breath, or it may be used as first aid treatment for victims who have stopped breathing altogether.

Emergency oxygen does not require a prescription and administered safely it can do no harm to victims. The FDA does caution that it must only be administered in emergency situations. In order to effectively administer emergency oxygen as first aid, you need to carefully read the instructions on an emergency oxygen unit or oxygen pack. You should never consider emergency oxygen as a substitute for CPR.

Oxygen units should be well protected. Durable mounting cases or carrying cases are a definite benefit in order to keep your emergency oxygen prepared and in good condition. There are also cases that offer foam protection and waterproofing.

Parts and special considerationsEmergency oxygen units typically consist of several components:

an aluminum oxygen cylinder a fixed flow regulator

carry case

tube

mask

nasal catheter

A couple of issues warrant special attention:

Be sure the mask is suitable for both adults and children and that there are several masks

Explosive, do not smoke near the unit or put by a heat source

The nasal catheter is a worthwhile option, in case of an unconscious victim.

If you ever use your emergency oxygen have the tank filled by authorized fillers

First Aid Gloves

Gloves are worn in first aid emergencies for two important reasons:

to help the caregiver avoid infection to protect the victim against contamination

Any first aid first responder, especially those dealing with strangers, should use medical or first aid gloves. Ideally, gloves should provide a balance between practicality, comfort, strength, flexibility and sensitivity.

Gloves should be well contoured and fit to your hand. Do not assume that one size fits all. Gloves that are too big and loose will hinder first aid, while small gloves can hinder the circulation of first aid givers.

First aid gloves can have smooth or textured fingertips.First aid glove materialsGloves are commonly made of latex, but some people have an allergic reaction to

this or find latex otherwise uncomfortable.Other non-allergenic materials used to make gloves are:

vinyl, a synthetic compound that can be made as pliable as latex nitrile, closely related to rubber, but without some of the allergenic

properties of latex

guayule, a pliable rubber produced by Ulex, Inc. a Pennsylvania company. The plant that is used to produce this is genetically modified.

Ibuprofen First Aid Pain Reliever

Ibuprofen relieves pain, tenderness, inflammation (swelling and redness) and stiffness related to arthritis and gout. It is the active ingredient in Motrin and Advil. Ibuprofen reduces fever and relieves headaches, muscle aches, pain due to menstruation, aches and pains related to the common cold, backaches and minor pain after surgery or dental work.

Ibuprofen comes in the form of tablets or liquid, and is usually taken three or four times a day for arthritis. Follow the package directions and ask your physician or pharmacist for details on any questions you may have. If you are using ibuprofen without a prescription, do not use for more than 3 days for fever, or 10 days for pain before consulting a physician.

PrecautionsBefore taking ibuprofen:

Tell your doctor if you are allergic to other pain medications such as aspirin. Tell your doctor about any other prescription and non-prescription medicine

you are taking, including blood thinners, aspirin, atenolol, carteolol, cyclosporine (like Neoral), digoxin (Lanoxin), diuretics, labetalol, lithium (e.g. Eskalith) any other medication for arthritis or diabetes, methotrexate, metoprolol (Lopressor), nadolol (Corgard), phenytoin (Dilantin), probenecid (Benemid) and vitamins.

Do not take other pain relievers unless directed to do so by your doctor.

Inform your doctor of any history with liver, heart or kidney disease; high blood pressure; stomach problems and any other gastrointestinal disease.

Inform your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breast-feeding. Should you become pregnant while taking ibuprofen call your doctor.

If you are having any surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking ibuprofen.

Be advised that inuprofen makes you drowsy. Do not drive or operate machinery.

Do not drink 3 or more alcohol drinks a day.

Do not let anyone else take your medicine.

Side effectsThe following side effects may be minor. Tell your doctor if these escalate:

headaches or dizziness nervousness

upset stomach, stomach cramps, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea or gas

Should you experience any of the following symptoms, call a physician immediately:

bloody vomit, diarrhea or black, tarry stools ringing in the ears or blurred vision

swelling of the hands, feet, ankles or lower legs

skin rash or itching

Storage: Store at room temperature in a tightly sealed container.

First Aid Do's and Donts

Here are some essential dos and donts of first aid purchases:

Do

plan for worst case scenarios. buy online for lower prices and easy refills.

check FDA, OSHA and ANSI guidelines as they apply to you or your workplace

check Red Cross recommendations regarding CPR and other first aid equipment.

purchase OSHA and ANSI approved first aid kits.

question your employer or other about all workplace dangers and first aid preparedness, and

contact the OSHA and ANSI about concerns you have about workplace safety and first aid preparedness.

purchase from a site registered with Thawte and/or TrustE (security and privacy).

save and print your own records of all online transactions.

Don't

ignore precautions about administering syrup of Ipecac to young children! purchase from a company that does not offer secure online transactions.

purchase from a company that does not offer full guarantees on all purchases.

forget that you are ultimately responsible for the safety and proper first aid treatment of your co-workers, employees, children and others in your care

buy online if you are uncomfortable with the technology.

question your employer or other about all workplace dangers and first aid preparedness, and

contact the OSHA and ANSI about concerns you have about workplace safety and first aid preparedness.

order from a non-US vendor. First aid kits contain drugs and other treatments which may warrant attention from customs (resulting in slowed or halted transactions).

purchase first aid products that do not adhere to OSHA and ANSI regulations.

forget that people have specific preferences for organic and non-organic first aid.

ignore the possibility of allergic reactions to some first aid products.

forget that a first aid kit can be a very thoughtful gift purchase.

Ignore the wisdom and benefits of simply playing it safe in all situations!

What is a Risk Assessment?

A Risk Assessment is a systematic method of looking at work activities, considering what could go wrong, and deciding on suitable control measures to prevent loss, damage or injury in the workplace. The Assessment should include the controls required to eliminate, reduce or minimise the risks.

Why conduct a Risk Assessment?

Risk Assessments are a fundamental requirement for businesses. If you don’t know, or appreciate where the risks are, you are putting yourself, your employees, your customers and your organisation in danger.

Employers must look at all work activities that could cause harm in order to decide whether they are doing enough to meet their legal obligations. This is a minimum requirement. If it is reasonably practicable to do so, employers should consider doing more than the legal minimum.

The aim should always be to reduce the risks as much as is 'reasonably practicable'.

'Reasonably practicable' is a legal term that means employers must balance the cost of steps that they could take to reduce a risk against the degree of risk presented.

When reckoning costs, the time, trouble and effort required should be included and not just the financial cost.

What should a Risk Assessment cover?

This will depend on the organisation and may vary depending on the nature of the work. However, Assessments must consider everyone who could be affected by that activity.

As well as employees, others who could be affected must also be considered. This includes contractors, temporary workers, volunteers and the general public.

Some groups are considered more vulnerable, such as young persons under 18 and pregnant and breastfeeding mothers. The legislation specifically asks employers to consider the risks posed to these groups and put in place additional controls if they are required.

Assessing risks in the workplace

There are no hard and fast rules as to how Risk Assessments should be carried out, as every organisation is different and may require a slightly different approach. It’s important that Risk Assessments are carried out systematically and all of the foreseeable risks considered.

In order to assess risks it is important to be aware of the distinction between hazard and risk.

The following definitions are usually applied to these terms:

Hazard: Anything with the potential to cause harm, electricity, hazardous substances and noise are examples of typical hazards.

Risk: The likelihood that damage, loss or injury will be caused by a hazard and how severe the outcome may be.

The Health and Safety Executive recommend an approach where you carry out the process in five steps:

1. identify the hazards associated with work activities 2. identify who could be harmed by those hazards

3. identify how you manage the risks at present and what further steps might be required to reduce the risks further. These are your control measures.

4. record the findings of your assessment and inform those at risk of the controls

5. review the Risk Assessment on a regular basis, e.g. if the staff, the activity, or the equipment used change.

It is a good idea to review your Assessments at least annually.

Look at each activity as critically as possible, observing how it is carried out, and checking existing guidelines and information.

Check accident reports and inspection and maintenance records to see if anything can be learned from existing records.

Controlling risks

When deciding on control measures the following principles should be applied: can the risk be avoided or eliminated? can the risks be contained at source?

can the work be adapted to suit the individual? e.g. layout of workplace, choice of equipment and methods of working

can engineering or technical controls be used?

Information, instruction and training, and providing personal protective equipment should always be considered as a last resort after the above controls have been considered.

Employers should, wherever possible, give priority to those controls that best protect everyone exposed to the risk.

Remember that additional controls may be required to protect vulnerable groups, such as young people or pregnant workers.

Involving employees and communicating findings

It is important to involve the people who carry out the activity in the Risk Assessment. They will be able to bring their knowledge, experience and understanding of the activity.

They will have an understanding of exactly how the work is carried out and will look at it from a different perspective from their manager or supervisor.

Carrying out the Assessment is just the first step. Once the Assessment has been carried out, make sure that everyone involved in the activity, or exposed to the risk, is made aware of the findings of the Assessment.

How detailed should a Risk Assessment be?

The level of detail recorded in the Assessment should relate to the level of risk.

Where an organisation operates similar activities from similar workplaces, they may produce a basic, or generic Risk Assessment that addresses those risks.

However, local circumstances may require you to adapt or amend the Assessment for each workplace or work activity.