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4/22/12
PREPARED BY: ZENAIDA FLOR DE MAY Y.
ZOSIMAAND ARTLENE MAER CORSAME
WARD CLASSON
FIRST-AID & WOUND
CARE
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INTRODUCTION:
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FIRST-AID
the immediate assistanceor treatment given to someoneinjured or suddenly taken ill before
the arrival of an ambulance, doctor orother appropriately qualified person.
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Aims of first-aid
To preserve life and limbTo prevent the patients
condition from worseningTo promote recovery
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Priorities
Assess the situationMake the area safe
Assess all the casualtiesand give emergency first aid
Get help
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Resuscitation
is a procedure indented torevive a heart and lung arrest
within 3 to 4 minutes, from thetime the heartbeat andbreathing stops prevent death
or irreversible brain damage.
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The ABC ofResuscitation A-irway
B-reathing
C-irculation
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The ResuscitationSequence
Check the casualtys response
Open the airway and check breathing
Breathe for the casualty
Assess for circulation
Commence CPR
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Common Problemsof
School-Age Children
andtheir Management
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oun s an ounCareTypes:
According to degree of contamination
Clean-contaminated
Contaminated
Dirty or infected
Clean
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acquired (extent of tissue layersinvolved)
Incision
Abrasion
Contusion
Puncture
LacerationPenetrating Wound
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IncisionClean cut from a sharpedge such as a broken
glassOpen wound; deep or
shallow; painful
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ContusionClosed wound caused by a
blow to body by blunt
object; contusion or bruisecharacterized by swelling,discoloration, and pain
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AbrasionA superficial wound in
which the top layers of the
skin are scraped off,leaving raw tender area
Open wound involving theskin
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PunctureA wound with small entry
site, but a deep track of
internal damagePenetration of the skin and
the underlying tissues by asharp instrument, eitherintentional or unintentional
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Laceration
A crushing or rippingforces which results in
rough tears or lacerationsTissues torn apart, often
from accident
P t ti
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Penetrating
woundPenetration of the skinand the underlying
tissues, usuallyunintentional
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Kinds of WoundDrainage/Exudates
Serous
Mixed Types
serosanguineous
purosanguineous
Purulent
Sanguineous
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Factors Affecting WoundHealing
Developmental ConsiderationsNutrition
Lifestyle
Medications
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Wound Care
Guidelines in cleaning wounds
Use solutions such as isotonic saline or tapwater to clean or irrigate wounds. If antimicrobialsolutions are used, make sure they are well
diluted.When possible, warm the solution to body
temperature before use.If a wound is grossly contaminated by foreign
material, bacteria, slough, or necrotic tissue, cleanthe wound at every dressing change.
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If a wound is clean, has little exudates, and
reveals healthy granulation tissue, avoidrepeated cleaning.
Use gauze squares. Avoid using cotton ballsand other products that shed fibers into thewound surface.
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Clean superficial noninfected wounds byirrigating them with normal saline.
To retain wound moisture, avoid drying awound after cleaning it.
Hold cleaning sponges with forceps or with a
sterile gloved hand.
Clean from the wound in an outward directionto avoid transferring organisms from the
surrounding skin into the wound.
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Consider not cleaning thewound at all if it appears to be
clean.
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Burns and Scalds
Burns results to excessive exposure tothermal, chemical, electric, or radioactiveagents
scald is a burn from a hot liquid or
vapour, such as steam.
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Types and AssessmentFindings
First-degree burn
Second-degree burn
Third-degree burn
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First Aid MeasuresRemove the child from the cause of burning
without endangering yourself.
Hold the burn under cold water at least 10minutes.
If the burn is minor remove clothing from theaffected area.
If the burn is more serious, remove clothing
only if it is stuck to the burn and you can doso easily and without doing more harm. Dothis after cooling with water.
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Loosen tight clothing and removed anyjewellery, because the burnt area may swell.
Cover the burn with clingfilm or a clean, non-fluffy cloth (handkerchief, pillow case orlinen/cotton tea towel). Or put a clean plasticbag over a foot, hand, arm or leg.
Do not apply any lotions, creams or fats.
Do not burst blisters or use adhesive
dressings. Take the child to the neatest Accident and
Emergency
Watch for signs of shock.
ps on reven on
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ps on reven on
Never leave children alone around open
flames, stoves or candles. Keep matches, gasoline, lighters and other
flammable materials out of childrens reach.
Teach children a plan for escaping your homein a fire and practice it!
Install smoke alarms in your home on every
level and in every sleeping area, testing themonce a month and replacing the batteries atleast twice a year.
Before bathing children in heated water,always run your open hand through the water
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Keep hot foods and liquids away from tableand counter edges. Never carry children and
hot foods or liquids at the same time.Make sure that pot handles are turned
towards the stove when cooking so that achild cannot accidentally grab the handle andspill the contents.
Keep things that easily catch fire (such aspapers) away from heat sources like stoves,
heaters and fireplaces.
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Bruises and Sprains
Bruise
Sprain
First Aid Measures
Bruises
Raise the injured part
Apply firm pressure with your hand
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Sprain (Follow the RICE procedure)
Rest
Ice pack or cold compress
Compress the injury
Elevate and support the injured limb
Dipped Take or send the casualty
to the hospital
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NosebleedDefinition and Cause
- a hemorrhage from the nose caused bythe rupture of tiny, distended vessel in themucous membrane of any area of the nose.
Let the child sit down
First Aid measures
Pinch the nostrils.
Reassure and encourage her not to sniff,swallow, cough, or even speak.
Release the nostrils to see if the nosebleed hasstopped
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If the nosebleed has stopped, ask her toremain leaning forward.
The child now needs to rest for a while
FaintingDefinition and Cause
- caused by a brief restriction in blood flow to thebrain, which usually corrects itself quickly. Childrenmay faint out of hunger, fear or pain, or if they have
to stand without moving for a long time.
rs easures
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rs easures
Watch for signs of dizziness, sickness or
weakness, very pale face, briefly losingconsciousness, and slow pulse.
Lie the child down, raise his/her legs and
support them.Loosen any clothing that is tight-fitting and
provide fresh air.
Give calm reassurance.
Offer a sugary drink or small snack toraise the sugar level in her blood. Do not
offer food or drink if she is not fully
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Hyperventilation
Definition and Cause- is rapid or deep breathing, usually
caused by anxiety or panic.Signs and Symptoms
Your heart pounds.
It feels like you can't get enough air
You feel tingling and numbness in the arms,legs, and around the mouth.
You feel a sense of doom.
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First aid measures
Have the hyperventilating person breatheslowly into a paper bag that's held closelyaround his or her mouth and nose
The person should breathe like this for five toseven minutes.
Talk to the individual the entire time. Try todistract him or her and make the person feel
comfortable and safe.
If symptoms fail to improve or the personloses consciousness, take him or her to the
emergency room.
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Animal Bites
Insect BitesFirst Aid Measure
First aid measure: Use antipruritic agents and
baths; Administer antihistamines and preventsecondary infection
Rinse the area under cool running water or
put a cold compress on it for a few minutes toreduce pain and swelling.
If the sting is inside the mouth give an ice-cold drink to sip or ice cubes to suck.
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If the swelling gets worse or the child'sbreathing is affected, call an ambulance and
monitor the child's airway, breathing, andcirculation (the ABC of resuscitation) until theambulance arrives.
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Dogs and Rodents
First Aid Measure Superficial Bites - Bites thatpuncture only the skin can be
safely treated at home.
Wash the wound thoroughly withwarm, soapy water. Wash awayany dirt by rinsing the wound under
running water for several minutes.
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Deep Bites - Bites that penetrate deepinto the tissues beneath the skin needs medical
expert. Put a clean pad over the wound and press down
on it to control the bleeding.
Raise the injured part of the body above thelevel of the heart to reduce blood flow to thewound.
Cover the bite. Use either a clean pad or a
sterile dressing. Bandage it firmly. Take the child to the accident and emergency
department or to the doctor.
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Seizures (Convulsions)
Definition and Cause- convulsion, or fit, consists of
involuntary contractions of many of the musclesin the body, cause by a disturbance in thefunction of the brain. Convulsions usually resultin loss of, or impaired, consciousness.
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Types Seizures
Minor EpilepsyMajor Epilepsy
Signs and Symptoms Minor Epilepsy
sudden switching off; like the casualty may bestaring blankly ahead.
slight or localised twitching or jerking of thelips, eyelids, head or limbs.
M j E il
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Major Epilepsy the casualty suddenly falls unconscious, often
letting out a cry. Breathing may cease. The lips may show
grey-blue tinge (cyanosis) and the face and
neck may become congested.Convulsive movement begin. The jaw may
be clenched and breathing may be noisy.Saliva may appear at the mouth, blood
stained if lips or tongue have been bitten.There may be loss of bladder or bowelcontrol.
Fi t Aid
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First AidMeasures Minor EpilepsyHelp the casualty to sit down in a quiet place.
Remove any possible sources of harm, forexample hot drinks or sharp objects, from theimmediate vicinity.
Talk to her calmly and reassuringly. Do notpester her with questions. Stay with her untilyou are sure she is herself again. If thecasualty does not recognize and know about
her condition, advise her to consult her own
M j E il
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Major Epilepsy If you see the casualty falling, try to support
him or ease his fall. Make space around himand ask bystanders to move away.
Loosen clothing around his neck and, if
possible, protect his head.When the convulsions cease, place him in
the recovery position. Check breathing andpulse, be prepared to resuscitate ifnecessary. Stay with him until he is fullyrecovered.
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Poisoning- It can occur as a result of accidents, or be
caused by eating contaminated food orpoisonous plants. Drugs and alcohol canalso poison the body.
First Aid Measuresv Swallowed Poison
v Inhaled Poison
v Absorbed Poison
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Tips on Prevention
Keep toxic chemicals out of childrens reachand sight (not under the sink).
Keep medicines in a locked cupboard.
Leave poisonous household substances intheir original containers. Never store them inold soft drinks bottles; children are commonlymisled by such container and try to drink the
contents. Buy medicines and household substances in
child-resistant containers.
Dispose appropriately of unwanted
Fractures
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Fractures
Definitiona break in the rigid structure
and continuity of a bone; and isknown as the most commontype of bone lesion
Common Types
Closed
O en
First Aid Measures
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First Aid Measures
Closed Fracture
Tell the casualty to keep stilland steady and support theinjured part with your hands
until it is immobilisedFor firmer support, secure the
injured part to a sound part of
Open Fracture
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Open FractureCover the wound with a clean pad or sterile
dressing and apply pressure to control thebleeding.
Without touching an open wound with your
fingers, carefully place some clean paddingover and around the dressing. If bone isprotruding, build up pads of soft, non-fluffymaterial around the bone until you can
bandage over the pads. Secure the dressing and padding: bandage
firmly, but not so tightly that the circulation isimpeded.
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Drowning
- is the process of experiencingrespiratory impairment fromsubmersion/immersion in liquid.
First aid measuresv Carry the child out of the water with the head
lower than the chest.
v Get another adult to call an ambulance.v Don't bother trying to get water out of the lungs .
the child will cough it out as she starts tobreathe.
If th hild i i
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If the child is conscious:
Wrap her in dry clothes coats or towelsand get her into clothes.
Take her to the hospital. She might haveinhaled some water, which may damageher lungs.
If the child is unconscious:
Call an ambulance.
Assess her airway, breathing andcirculation.
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Thank you
for
listening!!!!
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Evaluation
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Bibliography:
Bale, S. & Jones, V.(1197). Wound Care
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