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{density + diversity} ISD5102
INTEGRATED
STUDIOPROJECT2
sia ching sian | a0082594amalia yuliasih | a0093782
harry joseph serrano | a0082151wu tong | a0093804
kartik venkatamaran | a0082261
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introduct
ion
{density + diversity}
- social fragmentation- pollution- traffic- noise, privacy- crowding- open space
the bad
- fully utilize infrastructure, better economical- reduce dependency on private vehicles, reduces carbonemission- healthier communities, create walkable communities, peoplebike, take public transport than drive- more people to support local business and amenities- social equity
the good
Population density is defined as the number of people living in a given area. urban density is defined as the number of
people inhabiting a given urbanized area.
diversity or mixed use planning:
1. districts and many of its internal parts must serve more than one primary function, preferably more than two.2. blocks must be short, streets and opportunities to turn corners must be frequent
3. district must mingle buildings that vary in age and condition
4. must be sufficiently dense concentration of people
introduction
This report will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a high density development and the need for a compact city. Different
forms of high density developments using examples from Hong Kong, Seoul, Barcelona and Singapore. It will look into the optimum
density using Hong Kong as an example as well as also compare the 4 cities based on the diversity of its building forms, building
typology, urban forms. Indicators such as urban green space, quality of living, human development index, transport energy
consumption, car ownership, public transport usage, CO2 emissions, eco-cities index and ecological footprint will be used in relation
to density. A matrix will be produced to compare the performance of each city in terms of its density.
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com
pact
cities
{compact cities}
ThinkQuest.OracleFoundation.Web.23Feb.2012..
1. Eliminates many of the inconveniences related to urban size.
2. Makes it possible to build a modern, convenient metropolis in a natural setting at a low cost, indeed, at costs which can be largely financed
out of the savings now spent on transportation in present-day cities, for example, on vehicles, accidents, roads, parking facilities, and gasoline.
3. Saves money.
4. Conserves the use of time.
5. Saves lives and safety of people is better
6. Conserves the use of land.
7. Makes it possible to locate people of the constantly increasing population of the world into cities without the destructive effect urban sprawlbrings to the countryside, the environment, or the ecosystem.
8. Conserves use of energy.
9. Conserves material resources.
10. Compact City makes possible flexible construction so that the city could adjust to changing needs.
11. Could provide opportunities for the economically disadvantaged. In addition, educational and health facilities would become readilyaccessible to all because of the short distances involved.
12. Makes a city wide automatic delivery system possible..
13. Permits consolidation and centralization of certain urban services. Urban sprawl causes the duplication of hospitals, schools, and manyother institutions. Many specialized services that are presently not economically possible in cities of today because of the time and distance,can be implemented in Compact City.
14. Eliminates air pollution. Because the atmosphere of Compact City would be controllable, air of the highest quality could, through betterwaste management, recycling, and air filtering techniques, be in constant supply for all the inhabitants.
15. Makes possible economical water and solid waste recycling systems
16. Reduces noise pollution and congestion because of the round-the-clock use of facilities, the less use of cars, and the use of cars withbattery power.
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correlatio
ns
mindmap{density + diversity}
The mind map above shows how the various factors influence the density of a region through the economic, social and ecological sustainability
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{density vs. diversity} density
v
sdiversity
what s the best density?
how to allocate the lands to reach diversity?
landland
Residential,commercial,
industrial andinstitutional land
Residential,commercial,
industrial andinstitutional land
open and public
spaces (includingroad and green
space)
open and public
spaces (includingroad and green
space)
population densitypopulation density
occupancy rateoccupancy rate
population densitypopulation density
occupancy rateoccupancy rate
plot ratioplot ratio
*occupancyrate:theamountof squaremetersthatperpersonoccupies
Total land use can be divided into land use for residential and land use for supporting facilities.
Non-residential land use can be determined by population density and occupancy rate.
Residential land area can be determined by population density, plot ratio and occupancy rate.
If the density is at a certain low level, much land is left un-used; and if density is at a certain high level,
competition of land use for residential and land use for supporting facilities exist, rendering a possible result of
inadequate supporting facilities. Both of these results are not desirable.
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{example}
Totallandarea 100HaResidential Occupancy 23sq.m/person
Road Occupancy 0.215 ha/person
Open spaceOccupancy 0.033ha/person
Hong Kong
density+div
ersity
Here is a example showing a method of finding the best density.
This is a neighborhood in Hong Kong with total land area of 100 Ha, our objective is to find out thebest density and best allocation of land use.
The bar chart on the left shows the relationship of density and open land-use. when the densityincrease, the amount of open space can be calculated.
The line chart on the right can be used to find out the optimal density. It shows the relationshipof density, plot ratio and land-use. The colorful lines show the demands of residential lands atdifferent plot ratio. With different plot ratio, , the demand for residential land is growing at differentgrowth rate as density increases. The black line indicates the actual supply of residential land,which is calculated from the left graph.
The optimal density is where the colored lines and black line meet. For example, the optimumdensity level for Plot Ratio 7 is 630 people per hectare with 38% of land use being residential.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 000
PlotRatio:8
PlotRatio:7
PlotRatio:6
PlotRatio:5
PlotRatio:
4
PlotRatio:3
PlotRatio:2
PlotRatio:1
La
nd
Areain
Ha
PopulationDensity(person/ha)
Density vs. residential land use (minus open space)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
C/I
GIC
OpenSpace
Road
PopulationDensity(person/ha)
Lan
d
Areain
Ha
Density vs. open space
Source: Toward a low density urban form in Hong Kong \ Ng, Wing-shun, Anthony Vincent \ 1993
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{density + diversity}building density is important on shaping the urban morphology.
diversity in term of high density can be accommodated in different urban form layout.
densityisdependentonplotratio,sitecoveragethatcancreateverydifferenturbanforms.
density+diversity
high risecreate larger open area
promote communalactivities.
without proper planning itmay result of these
spaces being left over.
medium riseenclosed courtyard
encourages efficientuse of space
low risesingle unit
limited communal area
enhance residentsprivacy
courtyard formthis example can be seen
in Barcelona.the courtyard space is
clearly defined, shaped asa central space and
encourages use of space.
parallel block formsingle unit
residential or mixed useprovide potential green
corridor and open space
tower formindependent low rise
building
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cityprofil
es
{4 cities}
Singapore
Hong KongSeoulBarce lona
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As a major financial, trading and transport hub in East Asia, Hong
Kong is one of the worlds busiest cities with high density and high
rise.
City's spatial configuration: is high density, high rise and compact city.
The high concentration of population in Hong Kong has made use of
its public transportation network very efficiently. The city does well on
public transport network because of its integrated pricing and good
transport policies.
High dense and high rise also brings disadvantages. For example, in
a city famous for its skyscrapers, buildings account for about 90% of
total electricity consumption. The skyscrapers in Hong Kong
consumes a lot of energy and also adds to CO2 emissions. Power
generation for Hong Kongs electricity needs is mainly generated by
combusting coal which also contributes to CO2 emissions and air
pollution
{hong kong}
city profilearea 1104.4 sq. kmurban density 367 persons/hectarepopulation-characteristics under 15: 11.8%; 15-34: 27.7%; 35-
64: 47.4%; 65 and over: 13.2%livable cities index ranking 71eco city index ranking 142
plot ratio zone A: 6.5-10; zone B: 5; zone C: 3site coverage 50%city green space per capita 117.9 sq. m/personcar Ownership 83 cars / 1000 peoplepublic Transport 92%CO2 Emission 5.4 metric tons / personhuman development index 0.898 (13th)urban green space per capita 3.3 sq. m/person
cities
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{hong kong}
0
200m
The massing of Hong Kong shows the typical building typology in the city.Including super high-rise residential of up to 50 storey; office skyscraper;
medium residential blocks with retail on the ground floor.Overshadowing is a problem as buildings are built close to each other,
cities
plot ratio | up to 10 (residential)site coverage | up to 66%
urban density | 367 pp/ha
{ l}
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{seoul}
area 605.25 km2
urban density 282 people/hapopulation-characteristics 0-14 : 16.6% | 15-64 : 76.1% |
65+ : 7.3%
livable cities index ranking 81eco city index ranking 93ecological footprint 3.7 global ha/capitaissues - current challenges unbalanced development | demand
for culture, leisure, sport |unemployment
green space per capita 15.95 m2/ personpublic transport 65%
CO2 emissions 3.7 metric tons/personhuman development index 0.897 (15th)
Seoul is experiencing rapid growth over the past 50 years, which has
coincided with equally rapid economic growth and urbanization at the
national level.
It has experimented some containment policy such as the greenbelt,
inner city densification, and decentralized concentration.
The urban form of Seoul presents positive elements arising from dense
agglomeration, such as heavy public transport use, reduced energy
use, balance of housing and jobs, extensive mixed use developments,
and intensive use of brownfields.
Being a very dense city has its problem too, such as increased land
price, housing shortage, widespread gentrification, lack of mass rapidtransportation to the outer area, and energy consumption by the
commuters private automobile.
city profile
cities
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{seoul} cities
plot ratio | 1.5-3.0(residential)site coverage | up to 60%
urban density | 282pp/ha
0
200m
This model shows a typical inner city area in Seoul. It is at the south-eastern
part of the inner city. It shows fragmented urban form and diversity of building
typology. The area is characterized by low rise, medium rise and high rise highdensity development.
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{barcelona}
area 101 sq.kmurban density 171 persons / hectarepopulation-characteristics 0-14 : 12.05% | 15-64 : 67.38% |
65+ : 20.57%
livable cities index ranking 100.6 (44th
eco city index ranking 121 (57th )ecological footprint 3.26issues current challenges traffic congestion | domestic
waste | noise | pollutionplot ratio 4.7urban planning concept example - compact superblock
plangreen space per capita 18 sq.m / personpublic transport 74.2%CO2 emission 2.51 metric tons/personhuman development index
city profile
Barcelona is an example of high density, low rise development.
The city is very dense and highly mixed-use in terms of land-use. Open
space is highly accessible and the city is extremely walkable as well.
The foundation for Barcelonas transformation has been the citys
Eixampledistrict. The homogeneous grid avoids hierarchy in land property
values and generate a more democratic plan. Its configuration enhanced
the accessibility, where the metro is still within walking distance for most of
the population. The blocks also promote open area that could enhance
communal activities.
One of the catalyst of Barcelonas modern transformation was the
Olympics. Infrastructure was greatly improved, where facilities were built
on neglected urban areas and abandoned industrial land around the coast.
Although Barcelona is one of the most compact city in Europe, currently it
is facing some issues, such as traffic congestion, noise (from both traffic
and people and air pollution.
cities
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{barcelona}plot ratio | 4.79 (eixample)site coverage | up to 60%
urban density | 171pp/ha
0
200m
This is a model built on Eixample district, showing its high density in
low rise development.
It has extensive mixed use development. The path between the blocksshows high walkability around the district.
cities
{singapore}
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{singapore}
area 704 km2
urban density 107 people/hapopulation-characteristics 0-14 : 15.6% | 15-64 : 76.1% |
65+ : 8.3%livable cities index rankingeco city index rankingplot ratio 1.4-13.0 (HDB: 2.1-4.2)ecological footprint 5.34 global ha/capitaissues - current challenges increase in population | better
public transportation | betterflood management
green space/ green capital 7.5m2/personcar ownership 158 cars/1000 peoplepublic transport 59%CO2 emissions per person 7.4 metric tons/personhuman development index 0.866 (26th)
city profile
cities
As land is considered to be scarce, urban planning in Singapore is done in
a prudent manner to ensure sufficient land for industries, commerce,
transport, water catchment areas, infrastructure and military needs and
future development.
Most of the developments in Singapore are of high rise and high density to
maximize land value. 85% of the population lives in public housing.
Singapore currently has 5 million people and targets to achieve 6.5 million
people within the next 10-15 years.
Adequate and affordable housing is an issue that is currently being
addressed and public transportation needs to be improved to cater to the
increasing population.
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{singapore}plot ratio | 2.8 3.5 (residential)
site coverage | up to 40%
urban density | 107pp/ha
0
200m
cities
This massing shows a typical development of Singapore.This example is in Kallang , where most buildings range from mostly 5 storey
to 24 storeyThese are clusters of public housing blocks in the area, with open spaces and
communal facilities planned within and around the blocks.
I di t 1 { b }
I di t 2 {h d l t i d }
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correlation
s
Parks, greens and
other open spacesincluding playingfields in the urbanarea per person
Does higherdensity equate tolesser green
space
Indicator 1: {urban greenspace}
Based onMercers 2010report on qualityof living [QoL].
Ranking basedon internalstability, crimelevels, lawenforcementeffectiveness
Does higherdensity meanslower quality ofliving
Indicator 3: {quality of living}
source: Mercers 2010 Quality of Livingworldwide city rankings
The Human
DevelopmentIndex (HDI)measures well-being standards ofliving, literacy rateand lifeexpectancy ofcountries
worldwide Impact ofeconomic policieson quality of life.
Does higherdensity means acompromise on
well-being?
Indicator 2: {human development index}
source: Human Development Reports, UNDP, 2011
Eco-city indexRanks cities based on:
Water availability
water potability waste removal sewage air pollution traffic congestion
Does higherdensity equate to
a more ecologicalcity?source :www.globalsherpa.org)
Indicator 4: {eco-cities index}
Indicator 5 {transport energy consumption}
I di t 6 { hi }
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Indicator 5: {transport energy consumption} correlations
Vehicle manufacture,
maintenance anddisposal Vehicle operation Infrastructure
construction andmaintenance
Administration oftransport business
Energy productionand trade
Does a denser cityequate to lowerconsumption oftransport energy?
source: Rodrigue and Comtois, TheGeography of Transport Systems, 2009
Indicator 7: {public transport}
Percentage ofgeneral populationwho uses public
transportation
Impact:environmental,land use, social,economic,
Is there a higher
usage of publictransport indenser cities?
source:2012 American Public TransportationAssociation
Number of
private carsowned by perthousandpeople
Do peoplerequire lesscars in denser
cities?
source: International Road Federation
Indicator 6: {car ownership}
Indicator 8: {co2 emissions}
Relative contributions of material productions,building operation and transportation to annualgreenhouse gas emissions and energy use
Do denser cities perform better in terms of GHGemissions compared to cities that are not as
dense?
Source: Journal of Urban Planning and Development ASCE, MARCH 2006
Indicator 9: {ecological footprint}c
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Indicator 9: {ecological footprint}correlations
Ecological footprint is the area of land and water required to support a definedeconomy or population at a specified standard of living.
Does a denser city equate to a lower ecological footprint?
c
{matrix}
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citiescom
p
arison
{matrix}seoul barce lona s ingapore
1
2
4
3
5
6
7
8
9
urbangreen
space/pax
carownership
co2emissions
hongkong
3 sqm /person 7.5 sqm /person18 sqm/person15.95 sqm/person
quality ofliving
ranking
36t h 80t h 40t h 25 th
h.d.i. 13th 15t h 23rd 26t h
transportenergy
use
8,000MJ/person 1 0,0 00 MJ /p er so n 9 ,0 00 MJ /p er so n 1 8,0 00 MJ /p er so n
publicTransport+walking
usage
90% 63% 74.2% 59%
55 ca rs/1000
people
227 c ars/1000
people
460 ca rs/1000
people
111 ca rs/1000
people
5.4 met r ictonnes/person 3.7met r ictonnes/person 4.2met r ictonnes/person 7.4 met r ictonnes/person
eco
footprint(2007)
5.34gha3.26gha3.95gha4.0gha
eco - cities(2010) 22nd57th93rd142nd
367people/ha 107people/ha171people/ha282people/ha
{conclusion}
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Based on the matrix, Hong Kong has the highest urban density with least urban greenery at 3.3m
per person, Barcelona did best with 18m per person. Quality of living is best in Singapore which has leastdensity among the 4 cities. Human development index ranked Hong Kong best out of the 4. Public transport
usage is extremely high in Hong Kong with 90%. Car ownership is lowest in Hong kong with 55 cars per 1000people. Seoul performed best in terms of CO2 emissions. In terms of ecological footprint Barcelona came up
best with 3.25global hectare per person and Singapore came up best with the eco cities index.
It is without a doubt that the amount of transport energy use, public transport usage and car
ownership is best in terms of extremely high density conditions as public transportation infrastructure couldbe fully utilized instead of being heavily dependent on private vehicles.
In conclusion, in the example of Barcelona, it has performed relatively well with an urban densityof 171 people/hectare with mainly low rise, high density developments. Such a compact city development has
illustrated that it is possible to achieve a very livable and walkable environment with high usage of publictransport, low CO2 emissions and the highest amount of urban green space among the 4 cities. It is a type of
model that can be explored in designing cities instead of adopting only high rise high density developmentsparticularly in the case of Singapore.
{conclusion} conclusion
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