Download - Fight for your life: antipredator mechanisms in amphibians Egon Heiss University of Vienna
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Fight for your life: antipredator mechanisms in amphibians
Egon Heiss
University ofVienna
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„arms“ against enemys
Eisner and Aneshansley, 1999
Arnold, 1982
© Steinmann
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Ambystoma gracile
Ambystoma cingulatum
Bolitoglossa franklini
Taricha rivularis
Euricea lucifuga
Ambystoma laterale
Echinotriton andersoni Tylototriton shanjing
Brodie, 1977
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• response to predator-like stimulations
„tail elevated posturing“
„body-arched posturing“
secretion
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• Histological studies revealed 3 types of skin glands
GG I
GG II
MG
Glands
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Glands
MG
GGI
GGII
PAS AB CB
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Glands
MG GG I GG II
5 µm 5 µm5 µm
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active secretion
Myoepithelium
G Ct G MyE Ct
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100µm
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active secretion
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Gland density
• Parotoid Glands: Densely packed GGI
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RT: 0.00 - 50.00 SM: 15G
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50Time (min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Rel
ativ
e Ab
unda
nce
33.06642.30548
6.51128.08188
32.78470.27585
6.75266.99698
44.02387.17944
13.21133.07532
31.71420.27423
12.82146.06001
44.83335.22156
22.53501.3259312.48
136.03973 30.45511.24652
22.96259.15524
34.50852.70459
4.45178.07231
37.40432.27444
2.29118.08635 18.83
70.0807027.68
532.26672 49.70494.25357
35.07395.07458
11.09371.10123
8.89371.10123
40.28402.26367
14.50245.18593 23.46
427.1768546.29
371.0997921.35
371.10123
NL:1.12E8Base Peak MS Pleuro1zu10_HSST3
nano-LC-ESI/MS basepeak chromatogram
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Hurt yourself to hurt your enemy!
Heiss et al., 2010
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„relaxed“ „threatened“
Mobility of the ribs
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„relaxed“ „threatened“
Mobility of the ribs
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„threatened“„relaxed“
Mobility of the ribs
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di
pa tu
ca
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skin penetration
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Echinotriton sp.Tylototriton sp.
Pleurodeles
Echinotriton
Tylototriton
© Salamanderland
Brodie, 1983
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Tylototriton verrucosus
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Rib movements as useful strategy to appear larger
© utaherps
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Blackburn et al., 2008
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Blackburn et al., 2008
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Arnold, 1982
Von Byern et al., in press
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Conclusions
> Skin gland distribution correlates with behaviour
> Specialized behaviour potentiates effect of skin gland secretions
> Skin glands in amphibians are highly specialized and actively used in defence
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Thank you for your kind attention!
Brodie et al., 1993