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Ethnic Religions
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Why Do Religions Have Different
Distributions?
• Limited diffusion of ethnic religions
– more tied to physical environment
– universalizing religions usually compete with or
intrude on ethnic religions
• Examples of syncretism:
– Christianity with African ethnic religions
– Buddhism with Confucianism in China
– Buddhism with Shinto in Japan
– Ethnic religions can diffuse with migration
• Hinduism in Guyana due to Indian diaspora
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Hinduism • 3rd largest religion in the world
– 900 million adherents
– 97% of Hindus are found in India
• rest in Nepal
• Many paths to spirituality
– Individual decides best way to worship
– Vaishnavism (Vishnu) 70%
• Incarnations (Krishna, Buddha, Jesus?, etc.)
– Sivaism (Siva) 26%
• Protector and destroyer of ignorance
– Shaktism (female consorts of Vishnu/Siva)
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Hinduism • Origin
– Basic ideas brought by Aryans (Indo-Europeans)
– Intermingled with Dravidians
– No clear founder, archaeological evidence dating from 2500 B.C.
– ‘Karmic” religion (cause and effect) – Dharma = set of rules for caste
– Caste = social class
– Social mobility is limited, Why? discuss
• Holy places – Riverbanks, coastlines, mountains
– Temples often located on riverbanks/water
– Ganges River is the most sacred, Varanasi = pilgrimage site
• Effects on landscape – Overcrowding/pollution due to pilgrimages
– Hindus cremate dead = preserves land, no cemeteries BUT
» Cremation strains wood supply
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Judaism • 14 - 15 million
– 1/3 USA, 1/3 Israel, 1/3 elsewhere
– 15% in Europe (90% before WWII)
• Origin and diffusion
– Abraham’s migration/covenant – Promised land ↔ monotheism
– 10 lost tribes (Assyrians)/2 tribes remain (Babylon) – Tribe of Judah = “Jewish”
– Diaspora (after 70 AD by Romans) – makes Jews an exception that ethnic religions are clustered
– “re-clustering” due to est. of Israel
• Zionism = movement for a Jewish homeland
– began late 1800s, reaction to persecution
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The Jewish calendar • Rosh Hashanah
– New Year
• Yom Kippur
– Day of Atonement
• Passover
• Sukkot
• Feast of Weeks
• Autumn holidays express
worry over winter rains
• Spring harvest and
sacrifices commemorated
in Exodus
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• Islam’s 3rd most holy site
– Dome of the Rock
• Western “Wailing” Wall
– Solomon built 1st temple
• Destroyed by Neo-Babylonians
• Rebuilt after Babylonian Captivity
– Remnant of 2nd Temple
• Destroyed by Romans 70 AD
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Jewish Symbols
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Chinese Ethnic
Religions
• Confucianism – Kong Fuzi (551 – 479 BCE)
• Proper relationships/behavior bring
stability
• answers to bigger questions come
later – metaphysics
– borrows spirituality from
Buddhism/Daoism
– Neo-Confucianism
• Daoism – Laozi (604 – 531? BCE)
• Seek the way or “dao” – Harmony with nature (feng shui)
– Yin and yang (the natural and spiritual
world consists of opposite forces: the
ugly and beautiful, the dark and the
light, masculine and feminine)
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Animistic Religions • African ethnic religions
– 100 million/12% of Africans
– animism • things in nature have living spirits/consciousness
• celebration of the natural
– competition with universalizing religions • Leads to decline (50%) in animism
• Africa now: 46% Christian/40% Muslim
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Animistic Religions • Shinto
– Japanese animism
• As state religion it previously elevated emperor as divine
(renounced after WWII)
• Temples marked by distinctive Japanese gate (torii)
– separates sacred space from the profane
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Animistic Religions • Shinto
– Japanese animism
• As state religion it previously elevated emperor as divine
(renounced after WWII)
• Temples marked by distinctive Japanese gate (torii)
– separates sacred space from the profane
– Mixed with Buddhism (syncretism)
• Other
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Where do we see an animistic religious
symbol on Lane Tech’s campus?
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