Download - Ethics in Research. Participating in Research How would you have felt if you participated in Dr. Venkman’s study? How would you have felt if you participated

Ethics in ResearchEthics in Research

Participating in ResearchParticipating in Research

How would you have felt if you participated in Dr. How would you have felt if you participated in Dr. Venkman’s study?Venkman’s study?

History of EthicsHistory of Ethics

1947 – Nuremberg Code1947 – Nuremberg Code Developed post WWII in response to the Developed post WWII in response to the

inhumane research performed by Nazi inhumane research performed by Nazi doctors on prisonersdoctors on prisoners

11stst attempt to develop guidelines for attempt to develop guidelines for research with human participantsresearch with human participants

Nuremberg CodeNuremberg Code

GuidelinesGuidelines1)1) Participation is voluntaryParticipation is voluntary2)2) Subjects must be informedSubjects must be informed3)3) Research must address important questionsResearch must address important questions4)4) Avoid unnecessary harmAvoid unnecessary harm5)5) Benefits > RisksBenefits > Risks6)6) Researchers must be qualified Researchers must be qualified 7)7) Ability to withdrawAbility to withdraw8)8) Research must be discontinued if it is Research must be discontinued if it is

harmfulharmful

APA Guide 1953APA Guide 1953

Based on the Nuremberg CodeBased on the Nuremberg Code Psychologist held to standardsPsychologist held to standards GuidelinesGuidelines

1)1) Informed ConsentInformed Consent

2)2) DeceptionDeception

3)3) Risks vs. Benefits Risks vs. Benefits

4)4) ConfidentialityConfidentiality

Ethical GuidelinesEthical Guidelines

Ethics – people should be treated as ends not Ethics – people should be treated as ends not meansmeans

Designed to protect the rights of human and Designed to protect the rights of human and animals animals

APA ethics code APA ethics code www.apa.org/ethics/code2002.htmlwww.apa.org/ethics/code2002.html

“…“…it has as its goals the welfare and protection of the individuals it has as its goals the welfare and protection of the individuals and groups with whom the psychologists work…”and groups with whom the psychologists work…”

Ethical ResponsibilitiesEthical Responsibilities

Researcher responsibilitiesResearcher responsibilities to scienceto science to participantsto participants

Examples of unethical behaviorsExamples of unethical behaviors fabrication of results fabrication of results harming participants harming participants

Ethical IssuesEthical Issues

No harmNo harm

Psychological or physicalPsychological or physical

If P is harmed, benefit > costIf P is harmed, benefit > cost

e.g., an effective treatment with side effectse.g., an effective treatment with side effects


Informed ConsentInformed Consent

Information about studyInformation about study Risks and benefitsRisks and benefits VoluntaryVoluntary No coercionNo coercion Withdraw at any timeWithdraw at any time


Consent FormConsent Form Ps sign to verify understandingPs sign to verify understanding

Consent – competent PsConsent – competent Ps

Assent – incompetent Ps guardiansAssent – incompetent Ps guardians e.g., developmentally disabled peoplee.g., developmentally disabled people


DeceptionDeception

Ps do not know true purpose of researchPs do not know true purpose of research

Two TypesTwo Types

Passive – information is left outPassive – information is left out

e.g., no knowledge of memorye.g., no knowledge of memory testtest


Active – information is inaccurateActive – information is inaccurate

e.g., cover storye.g., cover story Milgram (1965)Milgram (1965)

Confederate - role-plays.Confederate - role-plays.


DebriefingDebriefing

Purpose of study is explained to Ps upon Purpose of study is explained to Ps upon completioncompletion

Reduces harmful effects of deceptionReduces harmful effects of deception


ConfidentialityConfidentiality

Ps information will be kept secretPs information will be kept secret

e.g., memory, opinions, sexual orientation, etc.e.g., memory, opinions, sexual orientation, etc.

AnonymityAnonymity

Ps name is not associated with dataPs name is not associated with data

e.g., Ps are assigned a numbere.g., Ps are assigned a number

Protection of Human Rights - IRBProtection of Human Rights - IRB

Institutional Review Board (IRB)Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Committee who approves research Committee who approves research proposalsproposals

IRB FormsIRB Forms

http://www.psychology.ilstu.edu/research/researchers.hthttp://www.psychology.ilstu.edu/research/researchers.htmlml

Protection of Human Rights - IRBProtection of Human Rights - IRB

IRB CriteriaIRB Criteria

Minimize riskMinimize risk Benefits > RisksBenefits > Risks Equal opportunity samplingEqual opportunity sampling Informed consentInformed consent Documentation of consentDocumentation of consent Data monitoringData monitoring Privacy & ConfidentialityPrivacy & Confidentiality

Animal RightsAnimal Rights

Why do we use animals?Why do we use animals?

To understand animalsTo understand animals

To understand humansTo understand humans

To conduct research that cannot be To conduct research that cannot be conducted on humansconducted on humans

Research with AnimalsResearch with Animals

Overseen by a separate committee at Overseen by a separate committee at many institutionsmany institutions ISU has the Institutional Animal Care and ISU has the Institutional Animal Care and

Use Committee (IACUC)Use Committee (IACUC) Different Guidelines for animal Different Guidelines for animal

subjectssubjects


1.1. JustificationJustification Justify the use of animalsJustify the use of animals Justify the benefits of the studyJustify the benefits of the study Justify the use of a particular speciesJustify the use of a particular species


2.2. Care and TreatmentCare and Treatment Only trained researchers can handle Only trained researchers can handle

animalsanimals Animals must be kept in good healthAnimals must be kept in good health Housing must meet federal guidelinesHousing must meet federal guidelines

Degarmo’s lost animal colonyDegarmo’s lost animal colony


3.3. Acquisition of AnimalsAcquisition of Animals Must be bred humanely ORMust be bred humanely OR Must be obtained from others who Must be obtained from others who

obtianed or bred the animals humanelyobtianed or bred the animals humanely


4.4. Procedures during studyProcedures during study Minimize discomfort of animalsMinimize discomfort of animals Greater discomfort = Greater need for Greater discomfort = Greater need for

justificationjustification Surgical procedures must be carefully Surgical procedures must be carefully

overseenoverseen Animals raised in the lab cannot be Animals raised in the lab cannot be

released into the wildreleased into the wild

Scientific IntegrityScientific Integrity

Two issues: Fraud & PlagiarismTwo issues: Fraud & Plagiarism

Fraud – a conscious misrepresentation Fraud – a conscious misrepresentation of data by a researcherof data by a researcher

Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s work or ideaswork or ideas

Download - Ethics in Research. Participating in Research How would you have felt if you participated in Dr. Venkman’s study? How would you have felt if you participated

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