Download - Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th Edition CHAPTER 4 QUESTIONS OF VALUES AND ETHICS
Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th EditionEssentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th Edition
CHAPTER 4
QUESTIONS OF VALUES AND ETHICS
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INTRODUCTION
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In the beginning…
There were no antibiotics There were no ICUs There were no CT scanners and MRIs There were just physicians and nurses who
cared for people in sickness and in health
Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th EditionEssentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th Edition
1960s
Technological advances allowed for the development of intensive care units
New biomedical developments Advances in surgical techniques, such as
open heart surgery
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New Questions
The advances created new questions for health-care professionals regarding the use of technology
The concepts of life and death
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Bioethics
A subdiscipline of ethics The study of medical morality
Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th EditionEssentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th Edition
Concepts of Ethics
Values Belief systems Morality
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Value Systems
A set of related values Intrinsic values Extrinsic values Personal values Professional values
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Value Formation
Values are learned Values change with maturity and
experience The number of values an individual holds is
not as important as what values they consider important
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Values Clarification
Choosing Prizing Acting
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Belief Systems These are organized ways of thinking about
why people exist within the universe Their purpose is to explain such concepts
as: Life and death Good and evil Health and illness
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ETHICS AND MORALS
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Morals An individual’s own code for acceptable
behavior They arise from an individual’s conscience They act as a guide for individual behavior Learned
Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th EditionEssentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th Edition
Ethics Ethics deals with the “rightness” or
“wrongness” of human behavior Concerned with the motivation behind the
behavior Bioethics is the application of these
principles to life-and-death issues
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Ethical Theories
Deontological Teleological Principalism
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Ethical Principles Autonomy Nonmaleficence Beneficence Justice Fidelity Confidentiality Veracity Accountability
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Autonomy
The freedom to make decisions about oneself
Nurses need to respect clients’ rights to make choices about health care
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Nonmaleficence
Requires that no harm be caused to an individual, either unintentionally or deliberately
This principle requires nurses to protect individuals who are unable to protect themselves
Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th EditionEssentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th Edition
Beneficence This principle means “doing good” for
others Nurses need to assist clients in meeting all
their needs Biological Psychological Social
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Justice
Every individual must be treated equally This requires nurses to be nonjudgmental
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Fidelity
Loyalty The promise to fulfill all commitments The basis of accountability
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Confidentiality Anything stated to nurses or health-care
providers by clients must remain confidential
The only times this principle may be violated are: If clients may indicate harm to themselves or
others If the client gives permission for the information
to be shared
Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th EditionEssentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th Edition
Veracity
This principle implies “truthfulness” Nurses need to be truthful to their clients Veracity is an important component of
building trusting relationships
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Accountability
Individuals need to be responsible for their own actions
Nurses are accountable to themselves and to their colleagues
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Ethical Codes These are formal statements of the rules of
behavior for a particular group of individuals
Ethical codes are dynamic Most professions have a “code of ethics” to
guide professional behavior
Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th EditionEssentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th Edition
Virtue Ethics Focus on virtues or moral character View helping others as charitable or
benevolent
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Organizational Ethics
Focus on the workplace Ethical culture makes a difference Senior leadership must promote an ethical
culture
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Ethical Dilemmas
Occur when a problem exists between ethical principles
Deciding in favor of one principle usually violates another
Both sides have “goodness” and “badness” associated with them
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Resolving Ethical Dilemmas
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Using the Nursing Process
Assessment Planning Implementation Evaluation
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Approach to Ethical Dilemma
W h at V alu es are in con flict
C ollectth e facts
A m I in volved
A ssessm ent
L is t andR an k th e op tions
Id en tifyD ecis ion-M akers
D eterm in e goa lsof treatm ent
P lan n in g
U se ofd iscu ss ion and
n egotia tion
W ork tow ardsa m u tu ally
accep tab le d ecis ion
Im p lem en tation
R e-evaluate as necessary
D eterm in ew h eth er d es ired
ou tcom es h ave b eenreach ed
E valu ation
A p p roach
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Current Ethical Issues
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Issues to Consider
Assisted suicide Technology issues Gene therapies “Designer babies” Organizational climate
Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th EditionEssentials of Nursing Leadership & Management, 4th Edition
Conclusion
An issue is not an ethical issue for the nurse unless he or she has been asked
Always gather the facts prior to decision-making
Consider your personal beliefs and values