essentials of anatomy & physiology, 4th edition...
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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / Bartholomew
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines
prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University
An Introduction
to Anatomy & Physiology
An Introduction
to Anatomy & Physiology11
Slides 1 to 73
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Introduction
All living organisms share the
following characteristics:
• Responsiveness
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Movement
• Metabolism
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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Anatomists study:
• Internal and external structure
• Physical relationships among body parts
Physiologists study:
• How organisms perform vital functions
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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Gross anatomy
• “Naked eye” anatomy
• Surface anatomy
• Regional anatomy
• Sectional anatomy
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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Microscopic anatomy
• Cytology: study of individual cells
• Histology: study of tissues
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Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Human physiology:
Study of human body function
• Cell physiology
• Special physiology
• System physiology
• Pathological physiology
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Levels of Organization
Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:
• Chemical (or Molecular)
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism
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OrganismLevel
Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-11 of 7
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Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-12 of 7
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Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-13 of 7
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Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Figure 1-14 of 7
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Cardiovascular
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-15 of 7
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Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiacmuscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heartmuscle
cell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-16 of 7
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Integumentary
SkeletalMuscular
NervousEndocrine
CardiovascularLymphatic
RespiratoryDigestive
Urinary
Reproductive
OrganLevel
Theheart
Cardiac
muscletissue
Tissue Level(Chapter 4)
Cellular Level(Chapter 3)
Heart
musclecell
Protein filaments
Complex proteinmolecule
Atoms incombination
Chemical orMolecular Level
(Chapter 2)
OrganismLevel
OrganSystem Level
(Chapters 5–20)
Figure 1-17 of 7
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Overview of Organ Systems
The human body is arranged in 11
organ systems:
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive
Organ SystemsPLAY
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The Integumentary System
Figure 1-2(a)
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The Skeletal System
Figure 1-2(b)
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The Muscular System
Figure 1-2(c)
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The Nervous System
Figure 1-2(d)
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The Endocrine System
Figure 1-2(e)
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The Cardiovascular System
Figure 1-2(f)
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The Lymphatic System
Figure 1-2(g)
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The Respiratory System
Figure 1-2(h)
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The Digestive System
Figure 1-2(i)
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The Urinary System
Figure 1-2(j)
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Male Reproductive System
Figure 1-2(k)
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Female Reproductive System
Figure 1-2(l)
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Introduction to Organ Systems
Key Note
The body can be divided
into 11 organ systems, but
all work together and the boundaries between them
aren’t absolute.
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Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis
• Maintains stable internal conditions
• Temperature
• Ionic concentrations
• Blood sugar levels, etc.
• Utilizes negative feedback
mechanisms
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Homeostatic Regulation
Regulation depends on:
• Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus
• Effector that affects the same stimulus
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RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
RESPONSE:Room temperature
dropsNormal
conditionrestored
EFFECTOR
Air conditionerturns on
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)
20o 30o 40o
Figure 1-3
1 of 6
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HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
Figure 1-3
2 of 6
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RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
Figure 1-3
3 of 6
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RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
Informationaffects
CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)
20o 30o 40o
Figure 1-3
4 of 6
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RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
EFFECTOR
Air conditionerturns on
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)
20o 30o 40o
Figure 1-3
5 of 6
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RECEPTOR
Thermometer
STIMULUS:Room temperature
rises
Normalconditiondisturbed
HOMEOSTASISNormalroom
temperature
RESPONSE:Room temperature
dropsNormal
conditionrestored
EFFECTOR
Air conditionerturns on
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)
20o 30o 40o
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1-3
6 of 6
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Homeostatic Regulation
Negative Feedback:
• Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response
• Response negates disturbance
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Figure 1-4
1 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Increased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
rises
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat
glands in skin
Negativefeedback
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
Informationaffects
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Sendscommands
to
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat glands
in skinSkeletal muscles
Negativefeedback
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
falls
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUS
Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
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STIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
Control
mechanism
when body
temperaturerises
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Figure 1-4
2 of 10
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RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
Control
mechanism
when body
temperaturerises
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
3 of 10
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RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
Control
mechanism
when body
temperaturerises
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat
glands in skin
Sendscommands
to
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
4 of 10
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RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Increased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Control
mechanism
when body
temperaturerises
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat
glands in skin
Negativefeedback
Sendscommands
to
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
5 of 10
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STIMULUS
Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
Controlmechanism
when body
temperature
falls
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Figure 1-4
6 of 10
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RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUS
Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
Controlmechanism
when body
temperature
falls
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
7 of 10
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RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUS
Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
Controlmechanism
when body
temperature
falls
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat glands
in skinSkeletal muscles
Sendscommands
to
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
8 of 10
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUS
Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Controlmechanism
when body
temperature
falls
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat glands
in skinSkeletal muscles
Negativefeedback
Sendscommands
to
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Informationaffects
Figure 1-4
9 of 10
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Figure 1-4
10 of 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensorsSTIMULUS
Body temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Increased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
rises
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat
glands in skin
Negativefeedback
Sendscommands
to
Informationaffects
Informationaffects
CONTROLCENTER
Thermoregulatorycenter in brain
Sendscommands
to
EFFECTOR
Blood vesselsand sweat glands
in skinSkeletal muscles
Negativefeedback
Controlmechanismwhen bodytemperature
falls
RECEPTOR
Body’stemperature
sensors STIMULUS
Body temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)
RESPONSE
Decreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restored
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Homeostatic Regulation
Positive Feedback:
• Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus
• Response rapidly completes critical process
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Homeostatic Regulation
Figure 1-5
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Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis and Disease
• Failure of homeostatic regulation
• Symptoms appear
• Organ system malfunction
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Homeostatic Regulation
Key Note
Physiological systems work
together to maintain a stableinternal environment. They
monitor and adjust internal conditions.
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The Language of Anatomy
Surface Anatomy
• Anatomical Position
• Hands at side
• Palms forward
• Feet together
• Supine: Face up
• Prone: Face down
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The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-6(a)
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The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-6(b)
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The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Regions
• Two methods to map abdominal
and pelvic regions
• Four abdominopelvic quadrants
• Nine abdominopelvic regions
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The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-7(a)
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The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-7(b)
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The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-7(c)
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The Language of Anatomy
A few anatomical directions:
• Anterior (= ventral)
• Posterior (= dorsal)
• Superior
• Inferior
• Lateral
• Medial
• Proximal
• Distal
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The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-8
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The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections
• Transverse plane
• Transverse section
• Frontal plane
• Frontal section
• Sagittal plane
• Sagittal section
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The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-9
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The Language of Anatomy
Ventral body cavity
• Protects delicate organs
• Permits organ growth and movement
• Surrounds:
• Respiratory
• Cardiovascular
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive organs
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The Language of Anatomy
Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:
• Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavities (R and L)
• Pericardial cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
• Peritoneal membrane
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The Language of Anatomy
Key Note
Anatomical descriptions refer to an
individual in the anatomical position:
standing, with the hands at the sides,
palms facing forward, and feet together.
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The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-10(a)
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The Language of Anatomy
Radiological Procedures
• X-rays
• CT Scans
• MRIs
• Ultrasound
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X-Rays
Figure 1-11(a)
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X-Rays
Figure 1-11(b)
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Common Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(a)
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Common Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(b)
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Common Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(c)
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Common Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(d)
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