Download - ENVR E-115Lecture 13 1 11/24/09 International Cooperation on Sustainable Development Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty, Harvard Extension School

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ENVR E-115 Lecture 13

•11/24/09

International Cooperation on Sustainable Development

Dr. Kazi F. Jalal

Faculty, Harvard Extension School

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Lecture outline

• Why cooperation?

• United Nations System

• Civil Society: Peoples’ Earth Charter

• Private Sector: Corporate Sustainability

• Local Governments & NGOs: Case Studies

Sustainable Development:

Concept, Operation, Capacity Building,

Coordination, Monitoring, Financing, Advocacy

BILATERALSRDBsWORLD

BANKIFAD

Global Sustainable Development Activities

GLOBALCONFERENCES

IACSD

UNCSD

WTO

WHO

RCs

UNEPUNDP FAO

= UN SYSTEM = COMMITTEES= FINANCING

INSTITUTIONS

DIESA

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= CONFERENCES =OTHER

NGOs

PRIVATEORGs

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United Nations System

• Complicated structure

• Six principal organs

• Many agencies and bodies

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Organizations and Entities Involved

1. UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)

2. UNDP (United Nations Development Program)

3. FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization)

4. ILO (International Labor Organization)

5. UNESCO (United Nations Education Scientific & Cultural Organization)

6. WHO (World Health Organization)

7. WMO (World Meteorological Organization)

8. IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)

9. WB (World Bank)

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Organizations and Entities

10. WTO (World Trade Organization)

11. UN/DESA (United Nations Department of Economic & Social Affairs)

12. UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund)

13. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

14. WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature)

15. UNCSD (United Nations Commission for Sustainable Development)

16. IACSD (Interagency Committee on Sustainable Development)

17. Others: RDBs / IFAD / Bilaterals / NGPs / Private Foundations

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•191 Countries (out of 195)191 Countries (out of 195)

•109 Heads of State/Government109 Heads of State/Government

•18000 Official Delegates18000 Official Delegates

•50000? Total Delegates50000? Total DelegatesPUBLISHED BY THE UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS

AUGUST 2002

www.johannesburgsummit.org

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WSSD OUTCOME

• UN OfficialsUN Officials– Modestly Successful

• NGO ActivistsNGO Activists– Glamour event without substance– There is not single shining outcome– Teetering between qualified success and outright

failure– Lack of meaningful targets and commitments

• One Head of StateOne Head of State– Dialogue of the deaf

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World Summit Negotiation ,2002

• AFRICAN delegation did not know what “FOOD” meant• W.EUROPEAN………………………………. “SHORTAGE”..• E.EUROPEAN……………………………….. “OPINION”…• MIDDLE EASTERN…………………………. “SOLUTION”…• SOUTH AMERICAN………………………….”PLEASE”…• ASIAN …………………………………………”GOVERNMENT”..• AMERICAN………………………………… “REST OF THE WORLD”• UNITED NATIONS…………………………. “BRIEF”….

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Positive OutcomesPositive Outcomes

• Entrenchment of conceptEntrenchment of concept

• Improving global governanceImproving global governance

• Reiterating political will of Reiterating political will of governmentsgovernments

• Target setting with technical and Target setting with technical and financial commitmentsfinancial commitments– Type 1 agreementsType 1 agreements– Type 2 agreementsType 2 agreements

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ENVR E-115 Lecture 13Outcome of WSSD

A political declaration• Support for democracy, rule of law & human rights;

• Agreement to alleviate poverty & environmental degradation;

• Commitment to food security, water availability and sanitation

• Agree that private sector should ensure corporate responsibility

An action program on

Water & sanitation; energy; human health; agriculture; biodiversity;

Cross-cutting issues (phasing out all forms of subsidies; global fund)

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Reform & Revitalization of Global Organizations

1.1. UN Charter ChangeUN Charter Change2.2. Use Trusteeship CouncilUse Trusteeship Council3.3. Use Security CouncilUse Security Council4.4. Create World Environment Organization Create World Environment Organization

(WEO)(WEO)5.5. Revitalize World Trade Organization (WTO)Revitalize World Trade Organization (WTO)6.6. Reform International Financing Reform International Financing

Institutions (IFI)Institutions (IFI)7.7. Strengthen Coordination of existing Strengthen Coordination of existing

organizationsorganizations17

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Earth Charter (EC): A Civil Society Initiative*

- Our Common Future (1987) :Concept- Earth Summit (1992) : Framework -Maurice Strong & Mikhael Gorbachev with Dutch

support (1994) : Launched initiative- EC Commission (1997) : First draft- EC Commission (1999) : Second draft- EC Commission (2000) : Launched EC- EC recognized (2002) :WCSD, Johannesburg_____________________________________* www.earthcharterinaction.org

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People’s Earth Charter: Principles

A .Respect and Care for the Community .Respect and Care for the Community of Lifeof Life1. Respect Earth and life in all its diversity

2. Care for the community of life with understanding, compassion, and love

3. Build democratic societies that are just, participatory, sustainable, and peaceful.

4. Secure Earth’s bounty and beauty for present and future generations

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B . Ecological Integrity. Ecological Integrity5. Protect and restore the integrity of Earth’s ecological

systems, with special concern for biological diversity and the natural processes that sustain life.

6. Prevent harm as the best method of environmental protection and, when knowledge is limited, apply a precautionary approach.

7. Adopt patterns of production, consumption, and reproduction that safeguard Earth’s regenerative capacities, human rights, and community well-being.

8. Advance the study of ecological sustainability and promote open exchange and wide application of the knowledge acquired.

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C . Social and Economic Justice. Social and Economic Justice 9. Eradicate poverty as a social and environmental

imperative.

10. Ensure that economic activities and institutions at all levels promote human development in an equitable and sustainable manner.

11. Affirm gender equality and equity as prerequisites to sustainable development and ensure universal access to education, health care, and economic opportunity.

12. Uphold the right of all, without discrimination, to a natural and social environment supportive of human dignity, bodily health, and spiritual well-being.

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D . Democracy, Non-Violence, and Peace. Democracy, Non-Violence, and Peace13. Strengthen democratic institutions at all levels, and

provide transparency and accountability in governance, inclusive participation in decision-making, and access to justice.

14. Integrate into formal education and life-long learning the knowledge, values and skills needed for a sustainable way of life.

15. Treat all living beings with respect and consideration.

16. Promote a culture of tolerance, non-violence, and peace.

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Private Sector : Corporate Sustainability

• Private sector has been playing a significant role in promoting sustainable development

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Corporate Sustainability

• “Corporate sustainability is a business approach that creates long-term shareholder value by embracing opportunities and managing risks deriving from economic ,environmental and social developments” (-Wikipedia)

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CS program for industries**Constructed from: The Natural Step for Business (1999),p-16

Time horizon Corporate response Industry goals

< 1970 Era of no action No goal

1970-80 Reactive/compliance Follow regulatory stds.

1980-90 Anticipatory Cost avoidance/

Impact reduction.

1990-2000 Proactive, social response added

Profit maximization

Eco-efficiency

Social benefits

2000-2010 Integrated Peo/planet/profit

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ENVR E-115 Lecture 13World Business Council for Sustainable Development

(WBCSD)• Founded in 1995 by Swiss businessman (Stephen Schmidheiny) under the patronage of the UN, WBCSD is a CEO-led ,global association of some 200 international corporations throughout the globe. Among its members are:GM,DuPont,3M, Deutsche Bank, Coca- Cola, Sony ,BP, Wall Mart, Royal Dutch Shell.

• Council provides platform for companies to promote corporate sustainability.• A 2003 WB/IFC study found WBCSD as one of the “most influential forums” for companies on

corporate sustainability issues• WBCSD disseminates ten messages to corporations• (i) business is good for sustainable development and vice-versa• (ii) business can not succeed in societies that fail• (iii) poverty is a key enemy to stable society• (iv) access to markets for all supports sustainable development• (v) good governance is needed to make business apart of the solution• (vi) accountability, ethics, transparency, environmental and social responsibility and trust are

basic pre-requisites of successful business• (vii) innovation and technology development are crucial to sustainability of business• (viii) eco-efficiency – doing more with less- is at the core of the business case for sustainable

development• (ix) ecosystem in balance – a prerequisite for business• (x) cooperation beats confrontation; confrontation puts the solution at risk; cooperation and

creative partnership foster corporate sustainability

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Ten steps to achieve CS *1.Make sustainability as a company vision2.Formulate a sustainability strategy3.Embed sustainability in every part of business4.Walk the Talk (action speak over words)5.Set-up a powerful body6.Establish a code of conduct7.Join sustainability network8.Bring stakeholders on board9.Think beyond reporting10. Use people’s power______________________________________________* “Corporate Sustainability- Its About Attitude”(2008) www.enn.com/business/article/31186

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ENVR E-115 Lecture 13CS Ranking of the S&P500 companies(undertaken by TSI)

Ranking criteria & assumptions: 1. Customers: deserve high quality products, complete information,remeadies for problems and respect 2. Employees: deserve dignity, fair and non-discriminatory wage, work in a safe environment and to associate freely 3. Owners & Investors: deserve fair and competitive return, transparent operations & an appropriate voice in corporate governance 4. Suppliers: deserve mutual respect & long-term stability in turn for value, quality, competitiveness and employment practices that respect human dignity 5.Competitors: deserve fair & respectful competition 6. Communities : deserve the support of public policies that promote human development and raise the standards of health and safety, education and economic and social well-being 7. The Environment : deserves protection & improvement through sustainable business practices 8. Fundamental duties: In addition to measuring impact on seven specific stakeholders, the ranking methodology also address the fundamental duties of a company best captured by trust and transparency in terms of the company’s adherence to international standards, its commitment to information dissemination, fair trade practices and ethical behavior.

2/190-194

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ENVR E-115 Lecture 13United Nations Global Compact**UN Global Compact is a framework for business that are committed to align their operations and strategies

with ten principles in the areas of human rights, labor, the environment and business malpractice. The Global Compact is neither mandatory nor regulatory. At the World Economic Forum in Davos in 1999, the SG/UN

challenged the world business leaders to “embrace and enact “ the Global Compact. UN Global Compact is a purely voluntary initiative with two primary objectives: (1)Mainstream the ten principles into the business

practices around the globe; and (2)catalyze actions into the broader UN goals

TEN PRINCIPLES OF GLOBAL COMPACT Human Rights1. Support and respect for the protection of universal human rights2. Refusal to participate or condone human rights abuses Labor3 . Support of freedom of association and collective bargaining4. Abolition of forced labor5. Abolition of child labor6. Elimination of discrimination in employment Environment7. Implementation of precautionary principle 8. Initiatives demonstrating environmental responsibility9. Promotion of environmentally friendly technologies Business malpractices10. Initiatives to counter all forms of corruption ,including extortion and bribery

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ENVR E-115 Lecture 13Ten ways to “green” your brand**by Matt Heinz (2008); www.imediaconnection.com

Corporate America,in its quest for attracting more customers and increase market share has jumped into the “green” bandwagon in the recent years. Matt Heinz author of several

books on the subject says there are 10 ways to keep companies green

Internal1. Recycling (not only papers but also wastes and equipments)

2. Transportation (public transport, car pool, audio/video conferencing)

3. Power management (electricity, pc power, motion sensors)

4. Office guidelines (use soft copies, default all printers & encourage all employees to go green )

5. Supplier & Partner guidelines (require environment-friendly operating standards)

External6. Community engagement & activation (Encourage customers & community to

follow same guidelines as the company)

7. Community participation (Encourage community participation in environment-friendly activities; allocate some budget)

8. Channel choices (choose green marketing channels such as trade show, community activities to demonstrate products & services )

9. s) Competitive advantage (Encourage all departments of the company to follow green practices and mantras)

10. Endorsements & associations (Partner with green businesses such as energy star, buy products with environmental reputation)

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ENVR E-115 Lecture 13Green Business Certification

As more corporations aspire to display green flags, a whole set of organizations are being formed to fill the certification needs. However, they vary in their rigor and

depth; there is no consistency and no national authority in USA in-charge of setting standard practice for green business certification

Some Recent Contenders:*1. American Consumer Council (ACC): Green C certification program started in

June 2008 (President & CEO Tom Hilton). It is a non-profit org. based in San Diego; cost $3000-$5000 for 3 years; Region:US(2008), Worldwide (2009); Criteria: (1) pollution, waste management & waste prevention; (2) energy and water use efficiency; (3)employee,supplier and consumer education and societal impact; Process : application, review and on-site inspection

2. EarthRight Business Institute of Park City, Utah : has just launched a EarthRight Eco-Friendly Business Certification Program; Cost: $1000 - $40,000 depending upon company revenue; annual review; Region:US;

Criteria:Compliance with EIA,Sustainability plan, executive commitment, green team,monitoring program, meeting reduction targets for emissions and resources; Process: Application with supporting documentation, management & employee interview, facility inspection

3. Bay Area Green Business Program : has a certification program ; Region:available only to companies located in San Francisco Bay area launched first in 1996; Cost: Free; Criteria: regulatory compliance, pollution prevention,waste reduction, energy & water conservation; Process: Application verified by a utility or regulatory agency.

* www.greenbiz.com

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Influence of CS on people*

• US 45%• UK 42%• Italy 35%• France 34%• Germany 28%• Spain 26%___________________________*Consumers who have chosen to buy product/service because of company’s cs

reputation (based on 1000 sample survey per market). From “A New Mindset for CS”-a study co-sponsored by BT & CISCO (2006)

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Case studies on Sustainable Development*

Examples from Asia*Sustainable development in Asia

ADB(2000): Smith & Jalal

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ENVR E-115 Lecture 13Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar,

Rajasthan, IndiaRajasthan, India““largest mobilization of people for environmental largest mobilization of people for environmental

regeneration”regeneration”

ProblemProblem::

Drought-stricken villages with dry wells and a low water Drought-stricken villages with dry wells and a low water tabletable

Project: Project:

In the mid-1980s, Tarun Bharat Singh, a local voluntary In the mid-1980s, Tarun Bharat Singh, a local voluntary organization, assisted a village in building 3 small rain organization, assisted a village in building 3 small rain water harvesting structures called check dams. Check water harvesting structures called check dams. Check dams store monsoon rains, irrigate fields, and allow water dams store monsoon rains, irrigate fields, and allow water to percolate through the ground to increase water table. to percolate through the ground to increase water table.

Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999Source: Agarwal et al, 1999; Agarwal and Narain, 1999

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Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, IndiaRajasthan, India

ProgressProgress:: Now 3,000 water harvesting structures in 650 villages.Now 3,000 water harvesting structures in 650 villages. Villagers and TBS regenerated 6,500 mVillagers and TBS regenerated 6,500 m2 2 of land.of land. Groundwater tables have increased by 6 m on average.Groundwater tables have increased by 6 m on average. Forest cover increased by 33%Forest cover increased by 33% 5 formerly seasonally dry rivers flow perennially5 formerly seasonally dry rivers flow perennially Agriculture is more productive and self-sustainingAgriculture is more productive and self-sustaining Average annual per capita income increased by $19.78Average annual per capita income increased by $19.78 For every dollar invested in check dams, economic For every dollar invested in check dams, economic

production in villages increased by $4.20.production in villages increased by $4.20.


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Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rainwater Harvesting in Alwar, Rajasthan, IndiaRajasthan, India

Social ImpactSocial Impact::

Project has helped reverse some of the negative social Project has helped reverse some of the negative social impacts associated with environmental degradation. As a impacts associated with environmental degradation. As a result, there isresult, there is:

reduced migrationreduced migrationincreased attendance in schoolsincreased attendance in schoolsreduced crime ratesreduced crime ratesincreased participation of women in village decisionsincreased participation of women in village decisions


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Improved Cook-stoves Program in Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of Chinathe People’s Republic of China

BackgroundBackground::

Initiated in the early 1980s, covered almost 76% of rural Initiated in the early 1980s, covered almost 76% of rural households after 15 years of implementation without any households after 15 years of implementation without any direct government subsidy.direct government subsidy.

StrategiesStrategies Work began in areas where people showed desire for Work began in areas where people showed desire for

improved cook-stoves.improved cook-stoves. Research and development were geared toward designing Research and development were geared toward designing

stoves to match local conditions of fuel, cooking, and stoves to match local conditions of fuel, cooking, and heating needs. heating needs.

Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999

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Improved Cook-stoves Program in Improved Cook-stoves Program in the People’s Republic of Chinathe People’s Republic of China

StrategiesStrategies Regular, systematic, and consistent monitoring and Regular, systematic, and consistent monitoring and

evaluation have been an integral part of the program since evaluation have been an integral part of the program since its inception.its inception.

Government contributions are small (about 15%) and Government contributions are small (about 15%) and restricted to training, administration, and promotionrestricted to training, administration, and promotion

Flow of money between bureaucratic levels is minimal.Flow of money between bureaucratic levels is minimal. Production of the critical parts of the combustion chamber Production of the critical parts of the combustion chamber

is centralized to ensure long-term, high-efficiency stove is centralized to ensure long-term, high-efficiency stove performance.performance.

Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999Source: Parikh et al, 1999; Yao, 1999; Natarajan 1999

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Corporate Synergy Systems in Corporate Synergy Systems in Taipei, ChinaTaipei, China

ObjectiveObjective::

To promote clean production in supply chains consisting of To promote clean production in supply chains consisting of small and medium-sized enterprises using the corporate small and medium-sized enterprises using the corporate synergy system management approach.synergy system management approach.

Corporate synergy systems are initiated under leadership Corporate synergy systems are initiated under leadership of large companies, where upstream suppliers and of large companies, where upstream suppliers and downstream buyers are organized to achieve common downstream buyers are organized to achieve common goals. Central firms of a CSS rank and reward the goals. Central firms of a CSS rank and reward the suppliers in the chain.suppliers in the chain.

Source: Chiu et al, 1999; van Berkel and Krygar, 1994Source: Chiu et al, 1999; van Berkel and Krygar, 1994

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CSS in ActionCSS in Action:: Cheng-Loong Paper Manufacturing Company organized Cheng-Loong Paper Manufacturing Company organized

CSS program with:CSS program with: 2 Central Firms2 Central Firms 10 upstream suppliers that provide waste paper, machinery, 10 upstream suppliers that provide waste paper, machinery,

chemicals, energy, transportation serviceschemicals, energy, transportation services 3 downstream buyers who are suppliers3 downstream buyers who are suppliers

90% of participating firms were small and medium-sized 90% of participating firms were small and medium-sized enterprisesenterprises


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ResultsResults::

Cheng-Loong system implemented 868 clean production Cheng-Loong system implemented 868 clean production options in 13 months.options in 13 months.

Participating firms invested $991,000 in clean production Participating firms invested $991,000 in clean production measures, measures, resulting in annual benefit of $3.5 million.resulting in annual benefit of $3.5 million.


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Case StudiesCase Studies: Lessons LearnedLessons Learned

At the grassroots level, necessary conditions for At the grassroots level, necessary conditions for SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY of of DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT are:

• Well targeted programs (in terms of area & population)Well targeted programs (in terms of area & population)• Minimum bureaucracyMinimum bureaucracy• Supportive role of the governmentSupportive role of the government• Active role of the community, NGO, and private sectorActive role of the community, NGO, and private sector• Stakeholders responsibility and sense of ownershipStakeholders responsibility and sense of ownership• Strategy for commercializationStrategy for commercialization• Replication of success storiesReplication of success stories

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Case StudiesCase Studies: : Results AchievedResults Achieved

• People (particularly the marginalized groups) derived People (particularly the marginalized groups) derived economic and environmental benefitseconomic and environmental benefits

• Investments are paid off over a short period of timeInvestments are paid off over a short period of time• Occupational hazards were minimizedOccupational hazards were minimized• Cooperation and understanding between affected Cooperation and understanding between affected

communities, NGOs, and private sector increasedcommunities, NGOs, and private sector increased• Market and policy failures were minimizedMarket and policy failures were minimized• Development became meaningful and sustainable.Development became meaningful and sustainable.

Download - ENVR E-115Lecture 13 1 11/24/09 International Cooperation on Sustainable Development Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty, Harvard Extension School

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