Download - Embedded Summer training
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A PROJECT ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
By Mr. Rajan Singh M.E TechnoCrats Engg classes SPIT (Andheri)
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AIM AIM To design, build and test the circuit for wireless sensors network using Embedded system programming.
OBJECTIVESTo study the Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) using some Transmitter and Receiver module. To design (8051 series) / AVR based circuit for WSN. To program and study the working of microcontroller (Atmega series ) and related hardwares.
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MODULES
1. RF (434 MHz, 315 MHz)
2. GSM
3. Bluetooth
4. Zigbee
5. CC2250
6. GPS
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RF MODULE (434 & 315 MHZ)
The circuit of this project utilises the RF module (TX / Rx) for making a wireless remote, which could be used to drive an output from a distant place. RF module, as the name suggests, uses radio frequency to send and receive signals at same frequency and baud rate.
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PIN DIAGRAM
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ENCODER AND DECODER CIRCUIT
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AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)
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GSM GSM (900)GSM (1800)
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• GSM-Introduction
• Architecture
• Technical Specifications
• Frame Structure
• Channels •Security•Characteristics and features•Applications
CONTENTS
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WHAT IS GSM ?
Global system for mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation.
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GSM: HISTORY• Developed by Group Spécial Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative of
CEPT ( Conference of European Post and Telecommunication )
• Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
• Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Institute )
• Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
• Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile communication “
• Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
• More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in India.
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GSM IN WORLD
Figures: March, 2005
37%
1%4%43%
4%
3%3%
3% (INDIA)
3%
Arab World
Asia Pacific
Africa
East Central Asia
Europe
Russia
India
North America
South America
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GSM IN INDIA
Figures: March 2005
Bharti27%
BSNL22%
Spice 4%
IDEA13%
Hutch19%
BPL6%
Aircel4%
Reliance3%
MTNL2%
BhartiBSNLHutchIDEABPLAircelSpice RelianceMTNL
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GSM SERVICES
• Tele-services
• Bearer or Data services
• Supplementary services
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TELE SERVICES
• Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
• Offered services
- Mobile telephony
- Emergency calling
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BEARER SERVICES• Include various data services for information transfer
between GSM and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps
• Short Message Service (SMS) •up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal
• Unified Messaging Services(UMS)• Voice mailbox• Electronic mail
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SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICESCall related services :• Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset• Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call• Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls• Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the
user• Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together• CLIP – Caller line identification presentation
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ACCESS MECHANISM
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
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FREQUENCY MULTIPLEX• Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands
• A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time
•Advantages:• no dynamic coordination necessary c
• works also for analog signals
•Disadvantages:• waste of bandwidth if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
• Inflexible t
t
k2 k3 k4 k5k1 k6
f
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•A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount of time
•Advantages:• only one carrier in the medium at any time
• throughput high even for many users
•Disadvantages:• precise synchronization necessary
f
t
c
k2 k3 k4 k5 k6k1
TIME MULTIPLEX
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• Combination of both methods (FDM +TDM)
• A channel gets a certain frequency band
for a certain amount of time.f
TIME AND FREQUENCY MULTIPLEX
t
c
k2 k3 k4 k5 k6k1
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f
•Example: GSM •Advantages:
• Better protection against tapping
• Protection against frequency selective interference
• Higher data rates compared tocode multiplex
But: precise coordination required
t
c
k2 k3 k4 k5 k6k1
TIME AND FREQUENCY MULTIPLEX
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GSM USES PAIRED RADIO CHANNELS
0 124 0 124
890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz
UPLINK
DOWNLINK
GSM combines FDM and TDM:
Bandwidth is subdivided into channels of 200khz, shared by up to eight stations, assigning slots for transmission on demand.
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CODE MULTIPLEX
• Each channel has a unique code• All channels use the same spectrum at the same time• Advantages:
• Bandwidth efficient• No coordination and synchronization necessary• Good protection against interference and tapping
• Disadvantages:• Lower user data rates• More complex signal regeneration
• Implemented using spread spectrum technology
k2 k3 k4 k5 k6k1
f
t
c
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VARIOUS ACCESS METHOD
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GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
BSC
BSC
MSC
MS
MS
MS BTS
BTS
BTS
GMSC
PSTNISDNPDN
EIRAUC
HLR
VLR
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GSM NETWORK OVERVIEW
ME
SIM
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
MSC
HLR
EIR
VLR
AuC
Mobile Station
Base Station Subsystem
Network Subsystem
PSTN ISDNPSPDN CSPDN
Um Abis
A
GMSC
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GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE-I• Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS)Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
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MOBILE STATION (MS)
The Mobile Station is made up of two entities:
1. Mobile Equipment (ME)
2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
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MOBILE STATION (MS) CONTD.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
• Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services
• Encoded network identification details - Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms• Protected by a password or PIN• Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key information
to activate the phone
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BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)
Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing operation between components made by different suppliers
1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
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BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
• Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna.
• Frequency hopping
• Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
• Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
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BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
• Manages Radio resources for BTS• Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its area• Handles call set up• Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality• Handover for each MS• Radio Power control • It communicates with MSC and BTS
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NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
• Heart of the network• Manages communication between GSM and other networks• Call setup function and basic switching• Call routing • Billing information and collection• Mobility management
- Registration- Location Updating- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
• MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other network by using HLR/VLR.
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NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM
• Home Location Registers (HLR)
- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service area(generally one per GSM network operator)
- database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid, roaming restrictions, supplementary services.
• Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
- Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area, by HLR database
- Controls those mobiles roaming in its area - Reduces number of queries to HLR - Database contains IMSI, TMSI, MSISDN,MSRN,Location Area, authentication key
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• Authentication Center (AUC) - Protects against intruders in air interface- Maintains authentication keys and algorithms
and provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc)- Generally associated with HLR
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)- Database that is used to track handsets using the
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)- Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The
Black List and the Gray List- Only one EIR per PLMN
NETWORK SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM
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GSM SPECIFICATIONS-1
• RF Spectrum
GSM 900 Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890-915 Mhz BTS to Mobile(downlink):935-960 Mhz Bandwidth : 2* 25 Mhz
GSM 1800 Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710-1785 Mhz BTS to Mobile(downlink) 1805-1880 Mhz Bandwidth : 2* 75 Mhz
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GSM SPECIFICATION-II
• Carrier Separation : 200 Khz
• Duplex Distance : 45 Mhz
• No. of RF carriers : 124
• Access Method : TDMA/FDMA
• Modulation Method : GMSK
• Modulation data rate : 270.833 Kbps
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GSM-FRAME STRUCTURE
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LOGICAL CHANNELS
TCH (traffic)
CCH(control)
BCH
CCCH
Dedicated
2.4 kbps4.8 kbps9.6 kbps
FCCH(Frequency correction)
SCH(Synchronization)PCH(Paging)
RACH(Random Access)AGCH(Access Grant)
SDCCH(Stand Alone)
SACCH(Slow-associated)FACCH(Fast-associated)
Half rate 11.4kbps
Full rate 22.8kbps
Speech
Data
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OUTGOING CALL1. MS sends dialed number to BSS 2. BSS sends dialed number to MSC3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed the
requested service. If so, MSC asks BSS to allocate resources for call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC6 GMSC routes the call to local exchange of
called user7, 8,9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone is routed
from called user to MS via GMSC,MSC,BSS
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INCOMING CALL
1. Calling a GSM subscribers2. Forwarding call to GSMC3. Signal Setup to HLR4. 5. Request MSRN( MS roaming no)
from VLR6. Forward responsible MSC to GMSC7. Forward Call to current MSC8. 9. Get current status of MS10.11. Paging of MS12.13. MS answers14.15. Security checks16.17. Set up connection
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HANDOVERS
• Between 1 and 2 – Inter BTS / Intra BSC
• Between 1 and 3 – Inter BSC/ Intra MSC
• Between 1 and 4 – Inter MSC
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SECURITY IN GSM
•On air interface, GSM uses encryption and TMSI (Temperory MS identity) instead of IMSI.
•SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to validate the ownership of SIM
•3 algorithms are specified :
- A3 algorithm for authentication
- A5 algorithm for encryption
- A8 algorithm for key generation
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AUTHENTICATION IN GSM
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KEY GENERATION AND ENCRYPTION
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ADVANTAGES OF GSM OVER ANALOG SYSTEM
• Capacity increases
• Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life.
• International roaming capability.
• Better security against fraud (through terminal validation and user authentication).
• Encryption capability for information security and privacy.
• Compatibility with ISDN,leading to wider range of services
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FUTURE OF GSM 2nd Generation
GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
GPRS (General Packet Radio service)Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
3 GenerationWCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps
4 Generation
Wi Max (Ultra widwBand) Data rate : practically ~50 Mbps & theorically 672 Mbps
5 Generation coming soon
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BLUETOOTH
Contents:
• What is Bluetooth?• How Bluetooth Technology works ?• Advantages of Bluetooth Technology• Disadvantage of Bluetooth Technology• Future of Bluetooth Technology
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1. Bluetooth technology is simple, secure and everywhere.
2. This technology enable users to automatically and easily connect a wide range of computing and telecommunication devices.
• What is Bluetooth?
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3. Bluetooth is actually a IEEE 802.15.1 standard for wireless communications between devices within a range of 10metres.
4. This is in the globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band.
5. Bluetooth was officially introduced in 1998 and its intended basic purpose was to be a wire replacement technology in order to rapidly transfer voice and data.
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6. Bluetooth “Special Interest Group” (SIG) is a group of companies from the telecommunications, computing and networking industries that promotes the development and deployment of Bluetooth technology.
7. Bluetooth is a high-speed, low-power microwave wireless link technology, designed to connect phones, laptops, PDAs and other portable equipments together with little or no work by the user.
8. Unlike infra-red, Bluetooth does not require any line-of-sight positioning of connected devices like Infra-red.
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9. Connections can be point-to-point or multipoint. The maximum range is 10 meters but can be extended to 100 meters by increasing the power. Bluetooth devices are protected from radio interference by changing their frequencies arbitrarily up to a maximum of 1600 times a second, a technique known as frequency hopping.
10. Each Bluetooth device could be connected to 200 other devices. It supports both point to point and point to multipoint connections.
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DISADVANTAGE
• Bluetooth has a low data rate( i.e.1 MBps) in comparison to infra-red(i.e.4 MBps).
• Also some other technologies are available in market which required less power consumption.(Zigbee)..
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ZIGBEE• IEEE 802.15.4 specification for low data rates technology allows for
devices to communicate with one another with very low power consumption
• ZigBee-based products can access up to 16 different 5 MHz channels within the 2.4 GHz band, several of which do not overlap those of 802.11 and WiFi. ZigBee has been designed to transmit slowly. It has a data rate of 250kbps while WiFi is hitting throughput of 20Mbps or more.
• All ZigBee networks have at least one reduced-functionality device (RFD), the full-functional device (FFD) and a network coordinator.
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WIRELESS SPACE
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• It uses 27 channels in 3 separate frequency bands
• The 902–928 MHz band serves the Americas and much of the Pacific Rim, with 10 channels and a burst rate of 40 Kbps.
• PHY layer uses binary phase shift keying (BPSK) in the 868/915 MHz bands and offset quadrature phase shift keying (O-QPSK) at 2.4 GHz. Both are robust and simple forms of modulation that work well in low SNR.
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(LOW-COST LOW-POWER 2.4 GHZ RF TRANSCEIVER)
•2400-2483.5 MHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) and SRD (Short Range Device) frequency band.
•The RF transceiver is integrated with a highly configurable baseband modem. The modem supports various modulation formats and has a configurable data rate up to 500 kBaud.
CC2500
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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DESCRIPTION• The CC2520 is second generation ZigBee/ IEEE 802.15.4 RF
transceiver for the 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM band.• This chip enables industrial grade applications by offering
operation up to 125°C and low voltage operation.
• CC2520 also provides extensive hardware support for frame handling, data buffering, burst transmissions, data encryption, data authentication, clear channel assessment and frame timing information. These features reduce the load on the host controller.
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• CC2500 is configured via a simple 4-wire SPI compatible interface (SI, SO, SCLK and CSn) where CC2500 is the slave. This interface is also used to read and write buffered data. All transfers on the SPI interface are done most significant bit first.
•Low Power• RX (receiving frame, –50 dBm) 18.5 mA
• TX 33.6 mA @ +5 dBm
• TX 25.8 mA @ 0 dBm
• <1µA in power down
• High sensitivity.
• Operation voltage: 1.8~3.6 Volts.
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FEATURES• Adjacent channel rejection:49 dB Alternate channel rejection: 54 dB
• Modulation techniques: DSSS
• 400 m Line-of-sight range• Extended temp range (–40 to +125°C)• Wide supply range: 1.8 V – 3.8 V• Extensive IEEE 802.15.4 MAC hardware support to offload the microcontroller• AES-128 security module
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• Automatic clear channel assessment for CSMA/CA• Automatic CRC• 768 bytes RAM for flexible buffering and security
processing• Fully supported MAC 128 bits security• 4 wire SPI• 6 configurable IO pins• Interrupt generator• Random number generator
Microcontroller Support
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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
• GPS is a revolutionary navigation system
• 24 satellites orbiting the earth
• Provide location within meters or less anywhere on the globe.
• Now available in many cars as an option
• Created and operated by the US Department of Defense
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MORE ABOUT GPS SATELLITES
• Constellation of 27 satellites
• (24 active + 3 spare)
• Orbit 12,600 miles above earth
• (10,900 nautical miles)
• Satellites in 12 hour orbit
• First satellite launched in 1978, 24th became operational in 1994
• Selective availability was removed in May, 2000
• Handheld receivers are now much more accurate
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HOW DOES GPS WORK?
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DISTANCE CALCULATION• Measuring distance by measuring time
• Satellites send coded signals indicating their position in space and the exact time the signals are being sent
• Receivers use the time it takes signal to travel from satellite to receiver to determine distance from satellite to receiver
• Information from multiple satellites is used to determine position through ‘triangulation’.
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POSITION IS BASED ON TIME
T + 3Distance between satellite and receiver = “3 times the speed of light”
T
Signal leaves satellite at time “T”
Signal is picked up by the receiver at time “T + 3”
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THREE SATELLITES (2D POSITIONING)
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SOURCES OF GPS ERROR• Standard Positioning Service (SPS ): Civilian Users
• Source Amount of Error Satellite clocks: 1.5 to 3.6 meters Orbital errors: < 1 meter Ionosphere: 5.0 to 7.0 meters Troposphere: 0.5 to 0.7 meters Receiver noise: 0.3 to 1.5 meters Multipath: 0.6 to 1.2 meters Selective Availability (see notes) User error: Up to a kilometer or more
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COMMON GPS DATA FORMAT
• NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association)• Transmission of data between GPS receiver and other devices (e.g. GPS antenna PDA
with ArcPad software)• For real time positioning
• RTCM (Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services)• Transmission of data between GPS receivers (e.g Base Rover)• Binary file (more compact but difficult to understand)• For real time DGPS/RTK corrections
• RINEX • Combine data from different manufacturer’s GPS receivers• For static data processing and archive
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FLOW OF NMEA DATA BETWEEN DEVICES
NMEA data transfer from GPS antenna to PDA with ArcPAD software
Real-time positioning using the NMEA data
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WHAT IS NMEA DATA?
• Developed by National Marine Electronics Association
• Standard for interfacing marine electronic devices (GPS, , Compass, Echo -sounder)
• Standard specifies the electrical signal requirements, data transmission protocol (i.e. agreed format for transmitting data between two devices), message formats
• Most GPS receivers understand the most popular NMEA format NMEA 0183
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WHAT IS NMEA DATA?
• ASCII file• Easily readable (even by people)
• Less compact than binary
• Numerous sentence types• Not all related GPS application
• Some popular GPS-related sentences are described in this presentation
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NMEA SETTINGS
• Baud rate: 4800 (4800 characters in one second )• Data bits: 8 (Bit 7 set to 0)• Stop bits: 1 or 2• Parity: none
• The “send” device and “receive” device should have same setting so as to transfer the NMEA data
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STANDARD MESSAGE FORMAT
•$aaaaa, df1,df2……… [Carriage Return][Line Feed]
• Each message start with $
• Five characters after $ are address field
• Multiple data fields delimited by commas
• Check sum (optional): a 2-character field (0-9,A-F) to increase data integrity
• (*) character placed after the last data field
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SENTENCE STRUCTURE
•There are three sentence structures
• Talker: output from talker (e.g. GPS receiver) to other devices (PAD)
• Query: means for listener (e.g. notebook) to request
specified talker sentence from talker (GPS receiver)
• Proprietary: means for manufactures to use non-standard sentences for special purpose
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TALKER SENTENCE
•Format: $ttsss, df1, df2…[CR][LF]• tt: defines device (for gps receivers the prefix is GP)
• sss: sentence type
Example$GPGGA,031956,2218.2035,N,11410.7595,E,1,04,3,9,005.9,M,-001.3,M,,*51
•The talker sends the GPS data in GGA sentence format.
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QUERY SENTENCE
• Format: $ttllQ, sss, [CR][LF]
Example
CCGPQ,GGA, [CR][LF]
• A computer (CC) is requesting from GPS device (GP) the GGA sentence
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PROPRIETARY SENTENCE
• Format: $PmmmA,df1,df2,….[CR][LF]• “P” indicates it is a proprietary message• “mmm” define as the manufacture• The fifth character is a letter (A-Z) defines the specific message
type
Example$PLEIS,AHT,0,1.90,0*34
• “LEI" is Leica manufacturer• “S” for set command
The message set the antenna height at 1.9m in the configuration of the internal sensor setting.
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COMMON NMEA-0183 SENTENCE
Sentence Description
$GPGGA: Global positioning system fixed data $GPGLL: Geographic position - latitude / longitude$GPGSA: GNSS DOP and active satellites$GPGSV: GNSS satellites in view$GPRMC: Recommended minimum specific GPS data$GPVTG: Course over ground and ground speed
To extract information related to surveyed positionRecord at least one of the 3 sentences: $GPGGA, $GPGLL,
$GPRMC
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GG A S EN TEN CE FO RM AT
$GPGGA,092204.999,4250.5589,S,14718.5084,E,1,04,24.4,19.7,M,,,,0000*1F Field Example Comments
Sentence ID $GPGGA UTC Time 092204.999 hhmmss.sssLatitude 4250.5589 ddmm.mmmmN/S Indicator S N = North, S = SouthLongitude 14718.5084 dddmm.mmmmE/W Indicator E E = East, W = WestPosition Fix 1 0 = Invalid, 1 = Valid SPS, 2 = Valid DGPS, 3 = Valid PPSSatellites Used 04 Satellites being used (0-12)HDOP 24.4 Horizontal dilution of precisionAltitude 19.7 Altitude (WGS-84 ellipsoid)Altitude Units M M= MetersGeoid Separation Geoid separation (WGS-84 ellipsoid)Seperation Units M= MetersTime since DGPS in secondsDGPS Station ID Checksum *1F always begin with *
http://aprs.gids.nl/nmea/
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APPLICATIONS OF GPS• In-vehicle Navigation (car, boat, airplane)
• Asset Management
• Construction
• Geologic Research & Mining
• Military Navigation and Operations
• Mapping & Surveying
• Precision Agriculture
• Public Health
• Public Safety
• Wireless Communications
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THANK YOU