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Elements and Compounds in their solid form make up…
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What is a Mineral?
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A MINERAL is a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, with a
definite chemical composition, and a crystalline structure.
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That means that…
•It can’t be organic in origin•It can’t be a liquid •You could write a chemical formula for it•It has to have a crystal structure
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How many different minerals are there on Earth???
Answer:About 4,000
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Only 30 of the 4,000 known minerals are common.
These 30 minerals are known as the rock-forming minerals
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More than 90% of all of the minerals in the Earth’s Crust are
made up of compounds containing Silicon and Oxygen, the two most abundant elements
on Earth.
SilicatesSilicates
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Rocks that have a high percentage Rocks that have a high percentage of Silicates are light in color, and of Silicates are light in color, and
are called are called FelsicFelsic rocks. rocks.
Granite
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Rocks that have a low Rocks that have a low percentage of Silicates are dark percentage of Silicates are dark
in color, and are called in color, and are called MaficMafic rocks. rocks.
BasaltBasalt
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How do Minerals Form???
1. Minerals form in cooling magma chambersIGNEOUSIGNEOUS
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Different types of minerals Different types of minerals crystallize at different crystallize at different
temperaturestemperatures
Decreasing temperature
Bowen’s Reaction SeriesBowen’s Reaction Series
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Olivine
MINERAL!
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Pyroxene
MINERAL!
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Peridotite- Mostly Olivine
ROCK!!!
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Gabbro- Pyroxene and Olivine
ROCK!!!
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MINERAL!
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MINERAL!
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MINERAL!
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MINERAL!
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Andesite- Hornblend and Biotite? and Plagioclase Feldspar
ROCK!!!
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ROCK!!!
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Potassium Feldspar
MINERAL!
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Quartz
MINERAL!
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Pink Granite
ROCK!!!
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Mineral Fractionalization in a Magma Chamber
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2. Metamorphic MineralsMetamorphic Minerals:Some minerals occur as the
result of Recrystallization and Reaction within existing rocks which produces new minerals
in response to changes in
and
How do Minerals Form???
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3. Some types of minerals form as water containing dissolved minerals slowly evaporates.
Salt deposits
How do Minerals Form???
SEDIMENTARY
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Minerals are identified and classified by visual inspection, and
by performing simple tests to determine their physical properties
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Minerals are most often identified by inspecting their
Physical and Chemical properties.
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Color is the most easily observed, but least reliable property of a mineral for identification.
This is because the color of many minerals varies with the kind of impurities in the mineral.
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LusterLuster is the way in which a mineral reflects light.• Metallic• Nonmetallic
• shiny, glassy, dull, earthy, vitreous, brilliant, waxy, pearly
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Streak is the color of the powder left on a streak plate when a mineral is rubbed on it.
Streak is much more reliable than color because, although the color of a mineral changes, its streak does not.
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Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to split in a particular direction.
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“Sheety” Cleavage
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Feldspars always cleave readily at or near right angles.
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Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to break in directions other than along crystal faces or cleavage surfaces.
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Fracture
Conchoidal Fibrous Irregular
Obsidian Asbestos Quartz
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Conchoidal or shell-like fracture
Fibrous facture
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The orderly arrangement of ions, molecules, or atoms, in any
mineral determines the shape of its crystals.
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Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to being scratched.being scratched.
(Harness and strength are NOT the same (Harness and strength are NOT the same thing! Diamonds are hard, but not strong!)thing! Diamonds are hard, but not strong!)
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Moh’s Mneumonic
Three Groovy Cats Found A Ferret Quietly Toasting Cheese Dinners.
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Specific Gravity• The ratio of the density of
a min’l to the density of pure water: “heft test”
Pure water: 1.0 Pyrite: 5.0 Most metals > non-metals
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Special Properties• Smell: Sulfur• Light refraction: Ulexite• Magnetic: Magnetite• Taste: Halite• Chem. rxn w/ HCl:
Calcite
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More Special Properties
• Asterism:
• Chatoyancy: silky look