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Dr. ANAND SRINIVASAN
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What is Anatomy? Anatomy is the study of structure of body and
the physical relationships involved between body systems
Branches Gross Anatomy Microanatomy Embryology Radiologic Anatomy Surface Anatomy Osteology Neuroanatomy
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Study of anatomy at macroscopic level
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Study of Anatomy at microscopic level
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Study of development from fertilization to fetus stage
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Study of Anatomy using radiographs, MRI, CT scans, ultrasound etc.
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Study of anatomical structures without dissection
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Study of Bones
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Study of nervous system
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Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described
Standing erect Body is upright Head facing forwards Arms at the sides Palms facing forwards Feet together
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Median / Sagittal Right & Left
Coronal Anterior & Posterior
Transverse Upper & Lower
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Medial / LateralAnterior (Ventral)/ Posterior (Dorsal)
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Superior Refers to a structure
being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body
Inferior Refers to a structure
being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body
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Distal Refers to a structure
being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb
Proximal Refers to a structure
being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb
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Superficial Refers to a structure
being closer to the surface of the body than another structure
Deep Refers to a structure
being closer to the core of the body than another structure
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Supine Lying face up
Prone Lying face down
Unilateral Pertaining to one side
Bilateral Pertaining to both sides
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Flexion Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
Extension Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones
Adduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
Abduction Moving a body part away from the midline of the body
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Pronation Turning the arm
downward Supination
Turning the arm
Opposition Movement of the
thumb across the palm of the hand.
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Rotation Turning on a single axis
Circumduction Circular motion
Medial rotation Rotation toward the midline
Lateral rotation Rotation away from the midline
Lateral Flexion Side-bending
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Retraction Moving a part
backward
Protraction Moving a part forward
Elevation Raising a part
Depression Lowering a part
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Inversion Turning the sole of
foot inward Eversion
Turning the sole of foot outward
Dorsiflexion Ankle movement
bringing the foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion Ankle movement
pointing the foot downward
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