Download - Dos & Linux Commands & Ubuntu Insatll
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Basic DOS Commands
DOS (Disk Operation System) is a tool which allows you to control the operation
of the IBM PC. DOS is software which was written to control hardware. ere is a
summary of some essential DOS commands.
Change Drive
!o chan"e the default dri#e indicated at the DOS prompt$ type the letter of the dri#e
followed %y a colon (&). 'or eample$ to chan"e the dri#e from * to +,-uot&
*&/ +& 0enter1
Change Directory
2se the CDI3 (CD) command to chan"e the directory. 'or eample$ to chan"e the
directory from C&Pro"ramsfolder to D&arcadefolder&
C&Pro"ramsfolder/ cd D&arcadefolder 0enter1
!hen$ to na#i"ate to di"du"$ a su%directory of D&arcadefolder&
D&arcadefolder/ cd di"du" 0enter1
4ikewise$ cd .. na#i"ates to the parent directory (i.e.$ up one le#el)$ while cd
na#i"ates to the root directory (typically the C dri#e).
Copy Something
!o copy a files or directories in DOS$ it is necessary to use the copy
command.!he default dri#e indicated in the DOS propmpt is of no concern when
copyin" an item. 'iles or folders may %e copied from anywhere to anywhere$ re"ardless
of the prompt dri#e. 'or eample$ to copy the file$ pacman.ee from the directory
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D&arcade to the directory C&pro"rams (notice that the location indicated for the
DOS prompt is different from %oth the source directory and the copy directory)&
C&different/ copy D&arcadepacman.ee C&pro"rams 0enter1
ere$ we repeat the pre#ious copy command$ while simultaneously renamin" the file toms5pacman.ee&
C&different/ copy D&arcadepacman.ee C&pro"ramsms5pacman.ee 0enter1
!he copy command may %e "enerali6ed as follows&
0prompt location1/ copy 0source item1 0tar"et location10optional rename1 0enter1
List Directory Contents
2se the dir (directory) command to list the contents of a directory. 'ile names and their
correspondin" si6es will %e displayed. 'or eample$ to list the contents of the C dri#e&
*&/ dir C& 0enter1
Similarly$ to list the contents of any directory$ anydir&
*&/ dir C&anydir 0enter1
4ikewise$ to list the contents of any su%directory of * (i.e.$ the current location as
indicated in the DOS prompt)&
*&/ dir su%dir 0enter1
ere are some more hot dir tips&
*&/ dir 0enter1 (lists contents of current directory$ *)
*&/ dir 7w 0enter1 (lists contents of current directory in wide format)
*&/ dir 7w 7p 0enter1 (lists contents of current directory in wide format$ one screen at a
time)
*&/ dir +&8.tt 0enter1 (lists all .tt files on dri#e +)
*&/ dir +&8.t99 0enter1 (lists all files with etension %e"innin" with t)
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Erase Something
!o delete an item$ use the deadly erase command. 'or eample$ if you want to delete
the file$ terminated.:p"$ located on the + dri#e&
*&/ erase +&terminated.:p" 0enter1
!o delete a file within the directory indicated in the DOS prompt$ no additional directory
information is needed&
*&/ erase terminated.:p" 0enter1
If you would like to erase all of the contents of a directory$ say$ +&
*&/ erase +&8.8 0enter1
Format Something
!o format a dri#e$ use the format command. 'ormattin" a disk in#ol#es error
checkin" and directory creation. 'or eample$ if you want to format the floppy disk in
dri#e ; (note& disk formattin" re-uires user input re"ardin" se#eral options presented
durin" the process)&
*&/ format ;& 0enter1
Create a Directory
!o create a new directory$ use the mkdir command. 'or eample$ to create a
directory called ry"ar within the +&arcade directory&
*&/ mkdir +&arcade&ry"ar 0enter1
!his is e#en easier if you wish to create a directory within the current directory (i.e.$ the
directory listed in the DOS prompt). 'or eample$ to create a ry"ar directory within
the +&arcade directory while in +&arcade&
+&arcade/ mkdir ry"ar 0enter1
Rename Something
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!o rename an item$ use the ren command. 'or eample$ to rename the file
atari.ee to nintendo.ee&
*&/ ren +&arcadeatari.ee nintendo.ee 0enter1
Reboot the Computer
!o re%oot the computer while in DOS$ use e#ery%odyho knew it.
Change the Date
!o chan"e the system date simply type date and enter the desired date accordin"
to the format specified at the prompt.
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Change the Time
!o chan"e the system time simply type time and enter the desired time
accordin" to the format specified at the prompt.
Return to Windows
!o eit DOS mode and return to >indows$ type windows at the DOS command
prompt.
Eit DOS
!o eit DOS$ type eit at the DOS prompt.
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Basic Linu Commands
mkdir - make directories
Usage
mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY
Options
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), i the! do not a"read! e#ist$
%andator! arg&ments to "ong options are mandator! or short options too$
'm, mode%ODE set permission mode (as in hmod), not r*#r*#r*# ' &mask
'p, parents no error i e#isting, make parent diretories as needed
'+, +erose print a message or eah reated diretor!
'he"p disp"a! this he"p and e#it
'+ersion o&tp&t +ersion inormation and e#it
cd - change directories
Use d to hange diretories$ T!pe d o""o*ed ! the name o a diretor! to aess thatdiretor!$-eep in mind that !o& are a"*a!s in a diretor! and an na+igate to diretorieshierarhia""! ao+e or e"o*$
mv- change the name of a directory
T!pe m+ o""o*ed ! the &rrent name o a diretor! and the ne* name o the diretor!$
E#. m+ testdir ne*namedir
pwd - print working directory
*i"" sho* !o& the &"" path to the diretor! !o& are &rrent"! in$ This is +er! hand! to &se,espeia""! *hen perorming some o the other ommands on this page
rmdir - Remove an existing directory
rm -r
Remo+es diretories and i"es *ithin the diretories re&rsi+e"!$
chown - change file owner and group
Usage
ho*n [OPTION] O/NER[.[0ROUP]] 1I2E
ho*n [OPTION] .0ROUP 1I2E
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ho*n [OPTION] ''reereneR1I2E 1I2E
Options
Change the o*ner and3or gro&p o eah 1I2E to O/NER and3or 0ROUP$ /ith ''reerene, hangethe o*ner and gro&p o eah 1I2E to those o R1I2E$
', hanges "ike +erose &t report on"! *hen a hange is made
'dereerene aet the reerent o eah s!mo"i "ink, rather than the s!mo"i "ink itse"
'h, no'dereerene aet eah s!mo"i "ink instead o an! reerened i"e (&se&" on"! ons!stems that an hange the o*nership o a s!m"ink)
'romCURRENT4O/NER.CURRENT40ROUP
hange the o*ner and3or gro&p o eah i"e on"! i its &rrent o*ner and3or gro&p math thosespeiied here$ Either ma! e omitted, in *hih ase a math is not re5&ired or the omittedattri&te$
'no'preser+e'root do not treat 637 speia""! (the dea&"t)
'preser+e'root ai" to operate re&rsi+e"! on 637
', 'si"ent, '5&iet s&ppress most error messages
'reereneR1I2E &se R1I2E7s o*ner and gro&p rather than the spei!ing O/NER.0ROUP +a"&es
'R, 're&rsi+e operate on i"es and diretories re&rsi+e"!
'+, '+erose o&tp&t a diagnosti or e+er! i"e proessed
The o""o*ing options modi! ho* a hierarh! is tra+ersed *hen the 'R option is a"so speiied$ Imore than one is speiied, on"! the ina" one takes eet$
'8 i a ommand "ine arg&ment is a s!mo"i "ink to a diretor!, tra+erse it
'2 tra+erse e+er! s!mo"i "ink to a diretor! eno&ntered
'P do not tra+erse an! s!mo"i "inks (dea&"t)
chmod - change file access permissions
Usage
hmod ['r] permissions i"enames
r Change the permission on i"es that are in the s&diretories o the diretor! that !o& are&rrent"! in$ permission 9peiies the rights that are eing granted$ :e"o* is the dierentrights that !o& an grant in an a"pha n&meri ormat$i"enames 1i"e or diretor! that !o& areassoiating the rights *ith Permissions
& ' User *ho o*ns the i"e$
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g ' 0ro&p that o*ns the i"e$
o ' Other$
a ' ;""$
r ' Read the i"e$
* ' /rite or edit the i"e$
# ' E#e&te or r&n the i"e as a program$
N&meri Permissions.
C8%OD an a"so to attri&ted ! &sing N&meri Permissions.
= *rite ! gro&p
==> *rite ! an!od!
?== e#e&te ! o*ner
=?= e#e&te ! gro&p
==? e#e&te ! an!od!
ls - Short listing of directory contents
'a "ist hidden i"es
'd "ist the name o the &rrent diretor!
'1 sho* diretories *ith a trai"ing 737
e#e&ta"e i"es *ith a trai"ing 7@7
'g sho* gro&p o*nership o i"e in "ong "isting
'i print the inode n&mer o eah i"e
'" "ong "isting gi+ing detai"s ao&t i"es and diretories
'R "ist a"" s&diretories eno&ntered
't sort ! time modiied instead o name
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cp - Copy files
p m!i"e !o&ri"e
Cop! the i"es Am!i"eA to the i"e A!o&ri"eA in the &rrent *orking diretor!$ This ommand *i""reate the i"e A!o&ri"eA i it doesn7t e#ist$ It *i"" norma""! o+er*rite it *itho&t *arning i it e#ists$
p 'i m!i"e !o&ri"e
/ith the A'iA option, i the i"e A!o&ri"eA e#ists, !o& *i"" e prompted eore it is o+er*ritten$
p 'i 3data3m!i"e
Cop! the i"e A3data3m!i"eA to the &rrent *orking diretor! and name it Am!i"eA$ Prompt eoreo+er*riting the i"e$
p 'dpr srdir destdir
Cop! a"" i"es rom the diretor! AsrdirA to the diretor! AdestdirA preser+ing "inks ('poption), i"eattri&tes ('p option), and op! re&rsi+e"! ('r option)$ /ith these options, a diretor! and a"" itontents an e opied to another dir
ln - Creates a symbolic link to a file.
"n 's test s!m"ink
Creates a s!mo"i "ink named s!m"ink that points to the i"e test T!ping A"s 'i test s!m"inkA *i""sho* the t*o i"es are dierent *ith dierent inodes$ T!ping A"s '" test s!m"inkA *i"" sho* thats!m"ink points to the i"e test$
locate ' ; ast dataase dri+en i"e "oator$
slocate -u
This ommand &i"ds the s"oate dataase$ It *i"" take se+era" min&tes to omp"ete thisommand$This ommand m&st e &sed eore searhing or i"es, ho*e+er ron r&ns thisommand periodia""! on most s!stems$"oate *hereis 2ists a"" i"es *hose names ontain thestring A*hereisA$ diretor!$
more - ;""o*s i"e ontents or piped o&tp&t to e sent to the sreen one page at a time
less - Opposite o the more ommand
cat ' 9ends i"e ontents to standard o&tp&t$ This is a *a! to "ist the ontents o short i"es to the
sreen$ It *orks *e"" *ith piping$
whereis ' Report a"" kno*n instanes o a ommand
wc - Print !te, *ord, and "ine o&nts
bg
g Bos P"aes the &rrent Bo (or, ! &sing the a"ternati+e orm, the speiied Bos) in theakgro&nd, s&spending its e#e&tion so that a ne* &ser prompt appears immediate"!$ Use
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the Bos ommand to diso+er the identities o akgro&nd Bos$
cal month year ' Prints a a"endar or the speiied month o the speiied !ear$
cat files ' Prints the ontents o the speiied i"es$
clear - C"ears the termina" sreen$
cmp file1 file2 - Compares t*o i"es, reporting a"" disrepanies$ 9imi"ar to the di ommand,tho&gh the o&tp&t ormat diers$
diff file1 file2 ' Compares t*o i"es, reporting a"" disrepanies$ 9imi"ar to the mp ommand,tho&gh the o&tp&t ormat diers$
dmesg - Prints the messages res&"ting rom the most reent s!stem oot$
fg
g Bos ' :rings the &rrent Bo (or the speiied Bos) to the oregro&nd$
file files - Determines and prints a desription o the t!pe o eah speiied i"e$
find path -name pattern -print
9earhes the speiied path or i"es *ith names mathing the speiied pattern (&s&a""! en"osedin sing"e 5&otes) and prints their names$ The indommand has man! other arg&ments and&ntions see the on"ine do&mentation$
finger users - Prints desriptions o the speiied &sers$
free - Disp"a!s the amo&nt o &sed and ree s!stem memor!$
ftp hostname
Opens an 1TP onnetion to the speiied host, a""o*ing i"es to e transerred$The 1TP program pro+ides s&ommands or aomp"ishing i"e transers see the on"inedo&mentation$
head files - Prints the irst se+era" "ines o eah speiied i"e$
ispell files - Cheks the spe""ing o the ontents o the speiied i"es$
kill processids
ki"" ' signa" proess4ids
ki"" '"
-i""s the speiied proesses, sends the speiied proesses the speiied signa" (gi+en as a n&meror name), or prints a "ist o a+ai"a"e signa"s$
killall program
ki""a"" ' signa" program
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-i""s a"" proesses that are instanes o the speiied program or sends the speiied signa" to a""proesses that are instanes o the speiied program$
mail - 2a&nhes a simp"e mai" "ient that permits sending and reei+ing emai" messages$
man title
man setion tit"e ' Prints the speiied man page$
ping host ' 9ends an eho re5&est +ia TCP3IP to the speiied host$ ; response onirms that thehost is operationa"$
reboot ' Reoots the s!stem (re5&ires root pri+i"eges)$
shutdown minutes
sh&tdo*n 'r min&tes
9h&ts do*n the s!stem ater the speiied n&mer o min&tes e"apses (re5&ires root pri+i"eges)$The 'r option a&ses the s!stem to e reooted one it has sh&t do*n$
sleep time - Ca&ses the ommand interpreter to pa&se or the speiied n&mer o seonds$
sort files - 9orts the speiied i"es$ The ommand has man! &se&" arg&ments see the on"inedo&mentation$
split file - 9p"its a i"e into se+era" sma""er i"es$ The ommand has man! arg&ments see theon"ine do&mentation
sync - Comp"etes a"" pending inp&t3o&tp&t operations (re5&ires root pri+i"eges)$
telnet host ' Opens a "ogin session on the speiied host$
top - Prints a disp"a! o s!stem proesses that7s ontin&a""! &pdated &nti" the &ser pressesthe 5 ke!$
traceroute host ' Uses eho re5&ests to determine and print a net*ork path to the host$
uptime - Prints the s!stem &ptime$
w - Prints the &rrent s!stem &sers$
wall - Prints a message to eah &ser e#ept those *ho7+e disa"ed message reeption$ T!pe Ctrl-! to end the message
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2%untu ?@.?A Desktop Installation uide
• Boot Computer with 2%untu?@.?A installation DD ?@.?A
• >elcome screen of 2%untu ?@.?A
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• Preparin" to install 2%untu$ select options and click continue.
• Installation type selection.
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• Select nearest city in your time 6one.
• ey%oard selection.
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• 'ill information and continue.
• Installation is in pro"ress. !his may take se#eral minutes.
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• Installation is completed$ e:ect CD7DD and restart.
• Bootin" your 2%untu Bo.
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• 4o"in screen.
• 2%untu Desktop.
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• 2%untu Desktop with system settin"s.