Download - Credit Seminar1
![Page 1: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 1/45
Credit SeminarOn
USE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS INMANAGEMENT OF STORED GRAIN INSECT
PEST.
USE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS INMANAGEMENT OF STORED GRAIN INSECT
PEST.
Janardan Saikia,
6th year ,1st sem,
Department of Entomology,
College of Agriculture,
AAU, Jorhat-13
![Page 2: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 2/45
INTRODUCTION :-
y Food grains and cereals form an important part of the
Indian diet.
y Grain production has been steadily increasing due to
advancement in production technology, but improper
storage results in high losses in grains.
y Post-harvest losses in India amount to 12 to 16 million
metric tons of food grains each year.
![Page 3: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 3/45
y The monetary value of these losses amounts to more
than Rs 50,000 crores per year .
y Natural contamination of food grains is greatly
influenced by environmental factors such as type of
storage structure, temperature, pH, moisture, etc .
y During storage, quantitative as well as qualitative
losses occur due to insects, rodents, and micro-
organisms.
![Page 4: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 4/45
y The stored food grains, seeds, fruits, nuts, etc. are
infected by the internal borer insects in the Kothis,
godowns and warehouses are most injurious of all insects.
y The grain weevils (pulse beetle, rice weevils), moths, Red
rust flour beetle, etc. cause a major damage to storedcereals (wheat, rice, bajara, barley, corn, oat, millets, etc.)
and pulses (lentils, peas, beans, gram, etc.) respectively.
![Page 5: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 5/45
y The grains get contaminated and result in undesirable odours
and flavours.
y The stored grain pest can be differentiated into two types:-
(i) Primary type : This group of pests causedamage to intact
grains. i.e. rice weevils, bean weevils , and lesser grain borers.
(ii) Secondary type: This group of pests feed or attack the broken
or crushed grains. i.e. flour beetles , sawtoothed grain beetles,
rusty grain beetles, and Indian meal moths.
![Page 6: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 6/45
y The pesticides should be applied only when the
threshold limits of the pest population is exceeded.
y However, the indiscriminate and unscientific use of
pesticides has led to many problems, such as,
y Pests developing resistance,
y
Resurgence of once minor pest into a major pest ,
y Environmental hazards.
y Food safety hazards.
![Page 7: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 7/45
e.g. Development of pest resurgence and resistance has
resulted in high cost of production and low income
especially to cotton farmers in AP, Maharashtra.
y Several disadvantages are associated with the
unscientific use of pesticides in agriculture, so there
is a need for minimising the use of chemical
pesticides in the management of insect pests.
![Page 8: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 8/45
Potential health hazards of synthetic
pesticides and steep increase in cost of cultivation ,
low profit making by farmers has led to the
exploration of eco-friendly pest management tactics
such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
IPM , pest management that uses a
combined means to reduce the status of pests to
tolerable levels while maintaining a quality
environment.
Integrated Pest Management:-
![Page 9: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 9/45
Tools of IPM:-
1. Monitoring.
2. Pest Resistant Varieties.
3. Cultural Pest Control.
4. Physical / Mechanical Pest control.
5. Biological Pest Control.
6. Chemical Control.
![Page 10: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 10/45
Biological control:-
A tool of IPM, include augmentation and
conservation of natural enemies of pests such as insect
predators, parasitoids, parasitic nematodes, fungi and
bacteria.
Trichogramma spp. are the most popular
parasitoids being applied on lepidopteran stem borers.
Some microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp.,
Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.
that attack and suppress the plant pathogens have been
exploited as biological control agents.
![Page 11: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 11/45
Generally there are three t ypes of biological
control procedures that are adopted,
Conservation.
Classical Biological Control.
Augmentation.
![Page 12: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 12/45
Conservation:-
y The conservation of natural enemies is probably the
most important and readily available biological control
practice available to growers.
y Conservation of natural enemies is one of the most
important of all the biological control procedures
because eventually all pests are attacked by parasites
and predators.
![Page 13: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 13/45
Classical Biological Control:-
y Introduction of new species of parasitoids, predators,
disease causing microorganisms into areas where they
did not previously occur.
y E.g. In 1888, when the Vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinulis,
was introduced from its native Australia to the orange
farms of California where it controlled the cottony
cushion scale, Icerya purchasi .
![Page 14: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 14/45
Augmentation:-
y Biological control which involves the supplemental
release of natural enemies.
y There are two type of releases ,
y Inoculative release:- Relatively few natural enemies may
be released at a critical time of the season.
y Inundative release:- when literally millions may be
released (inundative release).
![Page 15: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 15/45
Biological Control A gents:-
Predator
Parasitoid
Pathogen
![Page 16: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 16/45
Predators:-
y An organism feeding on its prey which may or may
not kill their prey prior to feeding on them.
Fig:
![Page 17: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 17/45
Table:- Important groups of pr edacious arthropods and vertebr ates(adopted from Driesche and Bellows, 1996).
![Page 18: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 18/45
![Page 19: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 19/45
Pathogen:-y Microbe or microorganism such as a virus,
bacterium, prion, or fungus that causes disease
in animal or plant host.
Fig:- Chalky white spores of Beauveria bassiana on brown
planthopper body.
![Page 20: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 20/45
Pest of Stored grain:-
Order:- Coleopterans
Family:- Curculionidae(SnoutBeetles)
Common name:-The Rice Weevil
Sc. Name:- Sitophilus oryzae
![Page 21: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 21/45
y Family:- Curculionidae (Snout Beetles)
y Common name:- The Maize W eev il
y Sc. Name:- Sitophilus zeamais
![Page 22: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 22/45
yFamily:- Curculionidae (Snout Beetles)
y Common name:- The Granary W eev il
y Sc. Name:- Sitophilus granarius
![Page 23: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 23/45
y Family:- Tenebrionidae
y Common name:- The R ed-R ust Flour Beetle
y Sc. Name:- T ribolium castaneum
![Page 24: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 24/45
y Family:- Tenebrionidae
y Common name:- The Yellow Mealworm Beetle
y Sc. Name:- Tenebrio molitor
![Page 25: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 25/45
y Family:- Bostrichidae
y Common name:- The Lesser Grain Borer
y Sc. Name:- Rhizopertha dominica
![Page 26: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 26/45
Family :- Chrysomelidae
Common name:- Cowpea weevil
Sc. name:- Callosobruchus chinensis
![Page 27: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 27/45
y Family:- Bostrichidae
y Common name:- The Larger Grain Borer
y Sc. Name:- P rostephanus truncatus
![Page 28: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 28/45
y Family:- Bruchidae
y Common name:- Seed Beetles
y Sc. Name:- Callosobruchus maculatus
![Page 29: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 29/45
Common name: Khapra beetle
Sc. name: Trogoderma granarium
Family: Dermestidae
![Page 30: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 30/45
Common name: Flat grain beetle
Sc. name: C ryptolestes pusillus
Family: Laemophloeidae
![Page 31: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 31/45
Order:- Lepidoptera:-
Family:- Pyralidae
Common name:- Indian Meal Moth
Sc. Name:- P lodia interpunctella
![Page 32: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 32/45
Family:- Pyralidae
Common name:- The Tropical War ehouse Moth
Sc. Name:- E phestia cautella
![Page 33: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 33/45
Family:- Gelechiidae
Common name:- The Angoumois Gr ain Moth
Sc. Name:- S itotroga cerealella
![Page 34: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 34/45
Family:- Gelechiidae
Common name:-The Potato Tuberworm
Sc. Name:- P hthorimaea operculella
![Page 35: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 35/45
Order Acari: Mites
Family:- Acaridae
Common name:- The Flour Mite
Sc. Name:- Acarus siro
![Page 36: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 36/45
Biocontrol agents:-
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. C hilocorus kuwanae
2. C occinella septempunctata
3. Stethorus punctillum
4. Rodolia cardinalis
5. Harmonia axyridis6. C oleomegilla maculata
Predators:- Lady beetles
![Page 37: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 37/45
F ig:- Rodolia cardinalis f eeding upon Aphids.
Fig:- Coccinella septempunctata
![Page 38: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 38/45
Predators:- Bugs
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. C ampylomma verbasci
2. Deraeocoris nebulosus
3. Geocoris spp.
4. Orius spp.
5. P odisus maculiventris
Predators:- Flies
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. Syrphid fly ( Allograpta obliqua )
![Page 39: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 39/45
Predators:- Harvestmen
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. P halangium opilio
Characteristics:-
Harvestmen will f eed on many soft
bodied arthropods in crops, including
aphids, caterpillars, leafhoppers,beetle larvae, mites, and small
slugs.
![Page 40: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 40/45
Parasitoids:- Wasps
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. Anaphes flavipes
2. C atolaccus grandis
3. Bathyplectes anurus and B. curculionis
4. Encarsia formosa
5. Lysiphlebus testaceipes
6. Trichogramma spp.
![Page 41: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 41/45
y In stored products, parasitoids are mainly applied againststored-product P yralid moths and stored product beetles(Stengård Hansen, 2005; Schöller et al., 2006).
Parasitoids:- Flies
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. P seudacteon spp.
2. Trichopoda pennipes
![Page 42: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 42/45
Pathogens:-Type of pathogen Sc. Name
Bacteria P aenibacillus popilliae
Viruses Baculoviruses
F ungi E ntomophaga grylli
E ntomophaga maimaiga
Metarhizium
Nematodes Deladenus siricidicola
Mermis nigrescens
P hasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
Protozoa (Algae) Lagenidium giganteum
![Page 43: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 43/45
List of effective biocontrol agents against insect pest:-
Sl.No. Insect Pest Biocontrol Agent
1. Red rust flour beetle(T ribolium castaneum)
1) Predatory mite
(C heyletus malaccensis)
2) Acarophenax lacunatus.
3) Pirate bug
2. The Mediterranean flour moth Habrobracon hebetor & Trichogramma spp.
3. Storage mite(Lepidoglyphus destructor),(Aleuroglyphus ovatus)
Predatory mite
(C heyletus malaccensis)
4. The Rice weevil(Sitophilus oryzae)
Anisopteromalus calandrae
![Page 44: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 44/45
Sl.No. Insect Pest Biocontrol Agent
1. The Maize weevil Anisopteromalus calandrae
2. Sawtoothed grain beetle Pirate bug
3. The Lesser Grain Borer(Rhizopertha dominica)
Anthocorid bug
4. Flat grain beetle(C rytolestes pusillus) Anthocorid bug
5. Cowpea weevil(C allosobruchus chinensis)
Dorylus labiatus
![Page 45: Credit Seminar1](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022021200/577d22e91a28ab4e1e9882f8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
8/3/2019 Credit Seminar1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/credit-seminar1 45/45
Sl.No. Insect Pest Biocontrol Agent
6. Indian meal moth Trichogramma pretiosum
7. Seed Beetles(C allosobruchus maculatus)
Anisopteromalus calandrae
8. The Larger Grain Borer
( P rostephanus truncatus)
Teretriosoma nigrescens
9. The Tropical Warehouse Moth
(E phestia cautella)Bracon hebetor &
Nemeritis canescens
10.