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Credit SeminarOn
USE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS INMANAGEMENT OF STORED GRAIN INSECT
PEST.
USE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS INMANAGEMENT OF STORED GRAIN INSECT
PEST.
Janardan Saikia,
6th year ,1st sem,
Department of Entomology,
College of Agriculture,
AAU, Jorhat-13
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INTRODUCTION :-
y Food grains and cereals form an important part of the
Indian diet.
y Grain production has been steadily increasing due to
advancement in production technology, but improper
storage results in high losses in grains.
y Post-harvest losses in India amount to 12 to 16 million
metric tons of food grains each year.
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y The monetary value of these losses amounts to more
than Rs 50,000 crores per year .
y Natural contamination of food grains is greatly
influenced by environmental factors such as type of
storage structure, temperature, pH, moisture, etc .
y During storage, quantitative as well as qualitative
losses occur due to insects, rodents, and micro-
organisms.
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y The stored food grains, seeds, fruits, nuts, etc. are
infected by the internal borer insects in the Kothis,
godowns and warehouses are most injurious of all insects.
y The grain weevils (pulse beetle, rice weevils), moths, Red
rust flour beetle, etc. cause a major damage to storedcereals (wheat, rice, bajara, barley, corn, oat, millets, etc.)
and pulses (lentils, peas, beans, gram, etc.) respectively.
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y The grains get contaminated and result in undesirable odours
and flavours.
y The stored grain pest can be differentiated into two types:-
(i) Primary type : This group of pests causedamage to intact
grains. i.e. rice weevils, bean weevils , and lesser grain borers.
(ii) Secondary type: This group of pests feed or attack the broken
or crushed grains. i.e. flour beetles , sawtoothed grain beetles,
rusty grain beetles, and Indian meal moths.
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y The pesticides should be applied only when the
threshold limits of the pest population is exceeded.
y However, the indiscriminate and unscientific use of
pesticides has led to many problems, such as,
y Pests developing resistance,
y
Resurgence of once minor pest into a major pest ,
y Environmental hazards.
y Food safety hazards.
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e.g. Development of pest resurgence and resistance has
resulted in high cost of production and low income
especially to cotton farmers in AP, Maharashtra.
y Several disadvantages are associated with the
unscientific use of pesticides in agriculture, so there
is a need for minimising the use of chemical
pesticides in the management of insect pests.
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Potential health hazards of synthetic
pesticides and steep increase in cost of cultivation ,
low profit making by farmers has led to the
exploration of eco-friendly pest management tactics
such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
IPM , pest management that uses a
combined means to reduce the status of pests to
tolerable levels while maintaining a quality
environment.
Integrated Pest Management:-
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Tools of IPM:-
1. Monitoring.
2. Pest Resistant Varieties.
3. Cultural Pest Control.
4. Physical / Mechanical Pest control.
5. Biological Pest Control.
6. Chemical Control.
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Biological control:-
A tool of IPM, include augmentation and
conservation of natural enemies of pests such as insect
predators, parasitoids, parasitic nematodes, fungi and
bacteria.
Trichogramma spp. are the most popular
parasitoids being applied on lepidopteran stem borers.
Some microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp.,
Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.
that attack and suppress the plant pathogens have been
exploited as biological control agents.
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Generally there are three t ypes of biological
control procedures that are adopted,
Conservation.
Classical Biological Control.
Augmentation.
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Conservation:-
y The conservation of natural enemies is probably the
most important and readily available biological control
practice available to growers.
y Conservation of natural enemies is one of the most
important of all the biological control procedures
because eventually all pests are attacked by parasites
and predators.
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Classical Biological Control:-
y Introduction of new species of parasitoids, predators,
disease causing microorganisms into areas where they
did not previously occur.
y E.g. In 1888, when the Vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinulis,
was introduced from its native Australia to the orange
farms of California where it controlled the cottony
cushion scale, Icerya purchasi .
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Augmentation:-
y Biological control which involves the supplemental
release of natural enemies.
y There are two type of releases ,
y Inoculative release:- Relatively few natural enemies may
be released at a critical time of the season.
y Inundative release:- when literally millions may be
released (inundative release).
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Biological Control A gents:-
Predator
Parasitoid
Pathogen
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Predators:-
y An organism feeding on its prey which may or may
not kill their prey prior to feeding on them.
Fig:
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Table:- Important groups of pr edacious arthropods and vertebr ates(adopted from Driesche and Bellows, 1996).
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Pathogen:-y Microbe or microorganism such as a virus,
bacterium, prion, or fungus that causes disease
in animal or plant host.
Fig:- Chalky white spores of Beauveria bassiana on brown
planthopper body.
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Pest of Stored grain:-
Order:- Coleopterans
Family:- Curculionidae(SnoutBeetles)
Common name:-The Rice Weevil
Sc. Name:- Sitophilus oryzae
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y Family:- Curculionidae (Snout Beetles)
y Common name:- The Maize W eev il
y Sc. Name:- Sitophilus zeamais
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yFamily:- Curculionidae (Snout Beetles)
y Common name:- The Granary W eev il
y Sc. Name:- Sitophilus granarius
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y Family:- Tenebrionidae
y Common name:- The R ed-R ust Flour Beetle
y Sc. Name:- T ribolium castaneum
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y Family:- Tenebrionidae
y Common name:- The Yellow Mealworm Beetle
y Sc. Name:- Tenebrio molitor
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y Family:- Bostrichidae
y Common name:- The Lesser Grain Borer
y Sc. Name:- Rhizopertha dominica
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Family :- Chrysomelidae
Common name:- Cowpea weevil
Sc. name:- Callosobruchus chinensis
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y Family:- Bostrichidae
y Common name:- The Larger Grain Borer
y Sc. Name:- P rostephanus truncatus
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y Family:- Bruchidae
y Common name:- Seed Beetles
y Sc. Name:- Callosobruchus maculatus
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Common name: Khapra beetle
Sc. name: Trogoderma granarium
Family: Dermestidae
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Common name: Flat grain beetle
Sc. name: C ryptolestes pusillus
Family: Laemophloeidae
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Order:- Lepidoptera:-
Family:- Pyralidae
Common name:- Indian Meal Moth
Sc. Name:- P lodia interpunctella
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Family:- Pyralidae
Common name:- The Tropical War ehouse Moth
Sc. Name:- E phestia cautella
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Family:- Gelechiidae
Common name:- The Angoumois Gr ain Moth
Sc. Name:- S itotroga cerealella
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Family:- Gelechiidae
Common name:-The Potato Tuberworm
Sc. Name:- P hthorimaea operculella
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Order Acari: Mites
Family:- Acaridae
Common name:- The Flour Mite
Sc. Name:- Acarus siro
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Biocontrol agents:-
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. C hilocorus kuwanae
2. C occinella septempunctata
3. Stethorus punctillum
4. Rodolia cardinalis
5. Harmonia axyridis6. C oleomegilla maculata
Predators:- Lady beetles
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F ig:- Rodolia cardinalis f eeding upon Aphids.
Fig:- Coccinella septempunctata
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Predators:- Bugs
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. C ampylomma verbasci
2. Deraeocoris nebulosus
3. Geocoris spp.
4. Orius spp.
5. P odisus maculiventris
Predators:- Flies
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. Syrphid fly ( Allograpta obliqua )
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Predators:- Harvestmen
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. P halangium opilio
Characteristics:-
Harvestmen will f eed on many soft
bodied arthropods in crops, including
aphids, caterpillars, leafhoppers,beetle larvae, mites, and small
slugs.
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Parasitoids:- Wasps
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. Anaphes flavipes
2. C atolaccus grandis
3. Bathyplectes anurus and B. curculionis
4. Encarsia formosa
5. Lysiphlebus testaceipes
6. Trichogramma spp.
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y In stored products, parasitoids are mainly applied againststored-product P yralid moths and stored product beetles(Stengård Hansen, 2005; Schöller et al., 2006).
Parasitoids:- Flies
Sl.No. Sc. Name
1. P seudacteon spp.
2. Trichopoda pennipes
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Pathogens:-Type of pathogen Sc. Name
Bacteria P aenibacillus popilliae
Viruses Baculoviruses
F ungi E ntomophaga grylli
E ntomophaga maimaiga
Metarhizium
Nematodes Deladenus siricidicola
Mermis nigrescens
P hasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
Protozoa (Algae) Lagenidium giganteum
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List of effective biocontrol agents against insect pest:-
Sl.No. Insect Pest Biocontrol Agent
1. Red rust flour beetle(T ribolium castaneum)
1) Predatory mite
(C heyletus malaccensis)
2) Acarophenax lacunatus.
3) Pirate bug
2. The Mediterranean flour moth Habrobracon hebetor & Trichogramma spp.
3. Storage mite(Lepidoglyphus destructor),(Aleuroglyphus ovatus)
Predatory mite
(C heyletus malaccensis)
4. The Rice weevil(Sitophilus oryzae)
Anisopteromalus calandrae
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Sl.No. Insect Pest Biocontrol Agent
1. The Maize weevil Anisopteromalus calandrae
2. Sawtoothed grain beetle Pirate bug
3. The Lesser Grain Borer(Rhizopertha dominica)
Anthocorid bug
4. Flat grain beetle(C rytolestes pusillus) Anthocorid bug
5. Cowpea weevil(C allosobruchus chinensis)
Dorylus labiatus
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Sl.No. Insect Pest Biocontrol Agent
6. Indian meal moth Trichogramma pretiosum
7. Seed Beetles(C allosobruchus maculatus)
Anisopteromalus calandrae
8. The Larger Grain Borer
( P rostephanus truncatus)
Teretriosoma nigrescens
9. The Tropical Warehouse Moth
(E phestia cautella)Bracon hebetor &
Nemeritis canescens
10.