Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
CHAPTER 5EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION
AND EMERGENCY RESPONSES
COUNTERMEASURES AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS BASED ON
HUMAN DIVERSITY
Maki Koyama [email protected]
1
2014/8/8
MS-1: Disaster and Health Risk Management for Liveable City
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
2
Introduction
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
3
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31685_factsheet2012.pdf
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Percentage of people killedby natural disasters by region4
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31685_factsheet2012.pdf
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Natural Disaster by Country5
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
6
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
7
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Introduction8
1855 Ansei Edo EQ.This is owned by Tokyo Univ. Library.
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Seismic dense zone Seismic dense zones overlap with plate
boundaries
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IndonesiaMyanmar
Thai
Vietnam
Bangladesh
Japan
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Plate boundaries
The earth’s surface is made up of a series of plates
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Japan
Indonesia
Bangladesh
Myanmar
ThaiVietnam
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
2011 Tohoku EQ.11
ABC News
Japan Earthquake Pictures, Video. Disaster in the Pacific 3/11/2011
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nTlgtf7TME
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
12
Hazard vs Risk
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Hazard and Risk
A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work.
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or equipment loss.
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http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/hazard_risk.html
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Hazard
Earthquake hazard refers to the shaking motion that strikes at a particular area.
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http://www.j-shis.bosai.go.jp/map/?lang=en
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Risk
Earthquake risk corresponds to the estimated value of the damage considering the vulnerability of the population, buildings, and societal infrastructure.
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0 35
km
70
PEXMAP 岐阜県 の円グラフ650,000325,00065,000
6震度 弱6震度 強7震度
Hazard PopulationBuilding stocksVulnerabilityProbability
Risk
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
16
Population
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Population Pyramid
Japan
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http://populationpyramid.net/
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Population Pyramid
World
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Population Pyramid
South Eastern Asia
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Fatality rate by 2011 Tohoku EQ20
rise suddenly
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Aging
In the world, many countries’ populations now tend to be aging due to longevity brought about by improved medical services and public sanitation, and due to declining birth rates brought about by social structure changes.
Japan is one of the countries that are aging most rapidly. According to the United Nations’ estimate, other Asian countries will also be rapidly aging in the future.
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Discussion
Introduce your country’s situation about population balance (e.g. decreasing birthrate, aging population and so on), each other.
If you have some questions, please ask questions and get answers each other.
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10 minutes
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
23
Nursing care
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Nursing care level determination system
Segment Rough standard of condition
Support Required: Level 1
The person can conduct basic activities of daily living almost independently. To support the activities of daily living and to inhibit deterioration of the current condition, and for prevention of a long-term care required condition, a certain level of support for instrumental activities of daily living shall be provided.(He/she can operate basic activities of daily living almost independently. A low level of support to prevent a long-term care required condition in the future is necessary.)
Support Required: Level 2
The person in Support Required: Level 1 loses the capacity for instrumental activities of daily living slightly, and needs a certain level of support.(Although he/she needs a low level of support for daily living, he/she will be able to maintain or improve bodily functions by using the nursing-care services.)
Long-Term Care Required: Level 1
The person in Support Required: Level 2 loses the capacity for instrumental activities of daily living partially, and needs support for some parts of daily living.(He/she cannot stand up or walk firmly. He/she can go about his/her daily living almost independently, but needs partial support for toilet activities and bathing.)
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Nursing care level determination system25
Segment Rough standard of condition
Long-Term Care Required: Level 2
In addition to the condition of Long-Term Care Required: Level 1, the person also needs partial support for activities of daily living.(He/she cannot stand up or walk without help, and needs partial or full support for toilet activities and bathing.)
Long-Term Care Required: Level 3
Compared to the condition of Long-Term Care Required: Level 2, the person significantly loses both the capacity for activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and needs almost full nursing care.(He/she cannot stand up or walk without help, and needs full support for toilet activities, bathing, and changing clothes.)
Long-Term Care Required: Level 4
In addition to the condition of Long-Term Care Required: Level 3, the person seriously loses the capacity to move and finds it difficult to perform activities of daily living without nursing care.(His/her capacity for activities of daily living is totally deteriorated, and he/she needs full support for toilet activities, bathing, and changing clothes as well as partial support at mealtimes. He/she finds difficulty in performing activities of daily living without nursing care.)
Long-Term Care Required: Level 5
He/she loses the capacity to move further than the condition of Long-Term Care Required: Level 4, and almost completely cannot perform activities of daily living without nursing.)(He/she needs full support for overall activities of daily living. He/she finds it difficult to communicate with others and cannot perform activities of daily living without nursing care.)
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
26
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Welfare facilities
Facilities for social welfare for the aged in Japan cannot receive all of the people who need long-term care.
Even if a sufficient number of facilities are built for the rapidly increasing amount of aged people, it is expected that these facilities will only be necessary for a short period because a decrease in overall population will become more acute in the future.
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
At facility / In home
The Japanese government is taking steps to let people who need long-term care continue living at their residences with promotion of in-home nursing care services.
Although the number of people with the official certification of need for long-term care (who use the facilities) has not changed largely since 2007, the number of users of in-home long-term services is increasing.
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
29
This trend shows that the number of people who need support from others in a time of disaster (in other words, the number of people who need support within the region) is increasing.
The number of beneficiaries with official certification of need for long-term care who use long-term care services at home and at facilities
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
The number of households30
The trend towards nuclear families has increased as the life-style of Japanese families has changed; the number of family members per household is decreasing, while the rate of aged people living alone is rapidly increasing.
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Trend of aged people living alone31
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Importance of software-oriented countermeasures
These results mean regional disaster recovery capabilities are rapidly deteriorating.
Japan is a disaster-prone country, and as such, is promoting the improvement of earthquake-proof structures and development of embankments and river environments.
It is one of the countries with the most effective countermeasures against natural disasters.
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Importance of software-oriented countermeasures
However, the reduction of tax revenues due to the depression for the last 20 years and reduction of human resources due to rapid population aging make it more difficult than in previous times to enhance hardware, especially structures.
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Importance of software-oriented countermeasures
Therefore, the importance of software-oriented countermeasures focusing on human behaviors, such as self-help and cooperation of residents, is increasing.
The number of people requiring support within the region is now rapidly increasing.
Accordingly, the necessity of software-oriented countermeasures is increasing further.
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
35
Disease and Care
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
36
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Caring for Bedridden Residents37
Movie
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Living with Dementia38
Movie
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Cause of the official certification of need for long-term care is different, required care is different.
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Discussion
Many elderly people who requires nursing care live in their home.
Each people need different care because their circumstances are different.
Many of them live alone. However, disaster will attack this area.
Please discuss about the problems and solutions to reduce difficulties.
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Cause of death under an earthquake
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Cause-specific mortality rates1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji EQ.
Death occurred within 10 minutes of being crushed
Therefore, most of these deaths occurred before a rescue team could arrive at the site.
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crushing83.3%
burning12.8%
other3.9%
From the Hyogo prefectural medical examiner (1995)
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
コード番号: 9012
1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Cause-specific mortality rates2011 Great Tohoku EQ.
Drowning refers to both deaths caused by asphyxiation in water, and those resulting from being crushed by tsunami debris such as cars and drifting buildings.
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drowning92.4%
crushing4.4%
burning1.1%
unknown2.0%
From the National Police Agency of Japan (2011)
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Cause-specific mortality rates for the victims of earthquake and tsunami
Both crushing and drowning are closely associated with asphyxiation.
This indicates we are unlikely to rescue many people after an earthquake.
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crushing83.3%
burning12.8%
other3.9%
drowning92.4%
crushing4.4%
burning1.1%
unknown2.0%
Mode Cause of death Life-spanMode1 asphyxiation 5 - 6 minutesMode2 head injury 2 - 3 hoursMode3 abdominal injury 3 - 12 hoursMode4 limb injury more than 24 hoursMode5 intact about 3 days
Lif
e ch
arac
teri
stic
val
ue (asphyxiation) starvation,dehydration
(Dead)
(Alive)
Ohta et al., 2001
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Mortality rates and SAR
SAR(Search and Rescue)
24hours
46L
ife
char
acte
rist
ic v
alue
Family or neighbor
Rescue teamSelf Defense Force
Kobe EQ (1995)
Alive
Dead
Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Generally, as a nation or region is increasingly developed and improved, the demand for social systems based on residents’ diversity rises.
How to consider the situation under a disaster?
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Unit for Liveable Cities, Graduate School of Engineering/Medicine, KYOTO UNIVERSITY
京都大学大学院 工学研究科・医学研究科 安寧の都市ユニット
Report
Describe countermeasures against natural disasters based on the diversity of local residents.
“Diversity of residents” means the coexistence of people with various characteristics and values, such as aged people, people with disabilities, women, foreigners, and laity of various religions.
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