Concept of Intelligence
Nature vs. Nurture: * Galton (1859): the “g” factor * Alfred Binet (1905): IQ test * Lewis Terman (1916): “Terman
kids” & the Genetic Studies of Genius (IQ
140+)
Howard Gardner Project Zero at Harvard and the Theory of
Multiple Intelligence8 Intelligence: * Linguistic intelligence * Logical-mathematical intelligence * Musical intelligence * Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence * Spatial intelligence * Interpersonal intelligence * Intrapersonal intelligence * Naturalist intelligence
The report highlighted:
2.5 million students in schools are gifted
57.7% of schools received NO services
Gifted students were NOT served in 21 states
“most neglected and potentially productive groups of students”
Definition of Giftedness“Children and youth with outstanding talent perform
or how the potential for performing at remarkable high levels of accomplishment when compared with others of their age, experience, or environment. These children and youth exhibit high performance capability in intellectual, creative, and/or artistic areas, posess an unusual leadership capacity, or excel in specific academic fields. They require services or activities not ordinarily provided by the schools. Outstanding talents are present in children and youth from all cultural groups, across all economic strata, and in all areas of human endeavor. “
US Department of Education/OERI (p. 26)
Development of Gifted EducationDue to Marland Report
1979, Julian Stanley began the Center of Talented Youth (CTY) at Johns Hopkins in response to the national need to recognize and develop the world’s brightest young minds
Renzulli develops the Enrichment Triad ModelBy 1977, 75% of states had a definition of
gifted66% increase in students served31% of states increased funding; 42 sponsor
teacher training and endorsements; 38 states enact legislation
Jacob K. Javits Grants 1988: Training component for
pre-service/in-service teachers Model projects and exemplary programs in
ID and education National Research Centers for G/T
UCONN -- Renzulli
UGA -- TorranceUVA -- CallahanYALE -- Sternberg
Current Gifted EducationPresident Regan disbanded G/T office at
the US Dept of EdCox, Daniel and Boston publish survey
results in Educating Able Learners (90% are pull out programs, called “part time solution to a full time problem”
Carol Ann Tomlinson and the Differentiated Classroom
Currently, 26 states mandate services; 23 support with $$$; 14 require certification
History of Gifted Education in KY (1958 – present)
Regular Session of the General Assembly, Senate Resolution 97 directed the Legislative Research Commission to study "exceptional, retarded and normal children".
Study did not specifically define gifted and talented children, but did specify that "exceptional children, who have great potential, particularly in the field of science" should be included in the study.
There was no other mention of exceptional children in the legislative process until 1962.
1960 - 1969A bill passed that mentioned children who
were "physically handicapped, speech defective, educable mentally handicapped, and trainable mentally handicapped." Giftedness was not included specifically.
The Lincoln School (1967-1970) was established with funding for economically deprived talented secondary school students
1970-1979Lincoln School was abolished in 1970KRS 157.200 amended to include
“intellectually gifted” for the first timeBureau of Education for Exceptional
Children incorporates a Division of the Intellectually Gifted
KRS 157.200 amended to include expanded definition
Pilot programs established to provide instruction for intellectually gifted or talented children
Gifted and talented children defined as children capable of high performance in 5 areas
Local school districts with experimental programs make progress reports to state board
State Superintendent of Public Instruction required to analyze gifted and talented experimental programs
1980 - 1989Experimental or classroom units of instruction for GT
students are implemented and state funds are appropriated biannually based on state’s ability to fund programs
Department of Education required to provide in-service training for teachers which did not operate experimental programs for GT students or for districts allotted classroom units
Advisory Council for Gifted and Talented Education was established and attached to the state board of education
Department of Education instructed to develop and implement evaluation procedure to monitor GT programs
Teachers employed in Gifted Education required to have certificate of endorsement
1990 - 1999Early statutes related to gifted education repealedValues of units no longer calculated. GT Funds
became a set-aside grant program outside the SEEK program
GT children designated as a Category of Exceptional children
Regulation for GT program revised to incorporate change Qualifications for GT Coordinator were established
Gifted Student Services Plan incorporated into 704 KAR 3:285
School board policy implements 704 KAR 3:285
2000 - 2009Emergency certification for GT Teachers enactedRegulations for AP courses, dual enrollment,
Virtual High School and International Baccalaureate courses
For purposes of funding, accelerated kindergartners allowed other classification
Schools allowed to establish performance descriptors so that districts may award credit toward high school graduation
Definition of accelerated learning expanded to allow students to move more quickly through course requirements
2010 - PresentEarly Entrance to Kindergarten appeal processKentucky’s Legal Framework 704 KAR 3:285
KRS 157.196 – Individual Education plan for exceptional students AKA Gifted Student Service Plan (GSSP)
KRS 157.200 – Gifted and talented student defined
KRS 157.224 – Comprehensive education program for students possessing potential to perform at high levels
KRS 157.230 – School district is to establish and maintain special educational programs for exceptional children
Regulation Statutory AuthorityKRS 156.070: 'The Kentucky Board of Education shall have
the management and control of the common schools and all programs operated in these schools."
KRS 157.196(3): "The Kentucky Board of Education shall promulgate administrative regulation establishing procedures for the development and monitoring of individual education plans.
KRS 157.220: "The Kentucky Board of Education shall make necessary rules and regulation in keeping with the provisions of KRS 157.200 to 157.280.
KRS157.224: "The Commonwealth of Kentucky is committed to providing a comprehensive educational program for its exceptional children and youth. The Department of Education coordinates, directs, and monitors that program. State direction and implementation of a statewide special education program is manifested in the biennial appropriation of funds to assure a quality educational opportunity for exceptional children and youth."
