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Commercial Deep Energy Retrofit: Castle Square Case StudyAugust 8, 2019
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Castle Square
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Castle Square Mid-Rise RetrofitProject Overview:
– Occupied rehabilitation– 1960’s era, brick and
concrete public housing structure
– Majority owned by residents association
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Project Objective:– Leverage tax incentive
financing, grants, incentives, technical support, etc. to include Deep Energy Retrofit in rehabilitation scope
– Rehabilitation of otherwise limited scope
Castle Square Mid-Rise Retrofit
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Project Overview:
– Owner:
– Location:– Buildings:
– Units:
Castle Square Tenants Organization, Winn DevelopmentBoston, MA4 Buildings, 7 stories (6 Residential over Ground Floor Commercial) 192 Units, 48 Units/Building,600-900 sq. ft./Unit
Castle Square Mid-Rise Retrofit
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Circumstances of the Project• 51% Tenant Owned
ØCSTO in chargeØInterests of tenant group protectedØDriving factors for the “energy” measures: Comfort,
IEQ concerns
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Circumstances of the Project• Originally built as subsidized housing
– Small, compact apartments– Economy of layout– Structure affords no opportunity to run services in
interstitial spaces,– Structure and aesthetic expression poses challenge
to thermal performance
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Circumstances of the Project• 100% occupied renovation (!)
– Severe constraints on scope within apartments• Completed over 2-3 days• Tenants return to functioning kitchen first day• Belongings in bedrooms, living room not moved
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Resident Surveys & Charrettes
Top Resident Concerns:
1. Poor Ventilation
2. Comfort (Too Hot or Cold)
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Property Management Concerns:– IAQ– Comfort– Energy costs– Water leakage– Façade maintenance and repair issues
Castle Square Mid-Rise Retrofit
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Castle Square Mid-Rise RetrofitProject Overview:
• Ambitious energy performance goals– Estimated Heating and Water Heating Energy
Savings: >70%– Combined Gas & Elec. Savings: >50%
October,• Construction Start: 2010
• Construction Schedule: 18 Months
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Castle Square Mid-Rise RetrofitWhat do we have to work with?Understanding the building through:
– Testing/measurement– Investigation of construction– Simple analysis
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Testing
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Testing
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Testing
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Testing
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Testing
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Testing
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Testing
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Testing
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Testing
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: TestingTesting and Measurement:▪ Leakage to outside (guarded testing)
Ø~2.5 ACH50Ø~0.7 cfm50 / sf exterior enclosure
▪ Total leakage for apartment units (unguarded)Ø~10-17 ACH50Ø~0.5-0.8 cfm50 / sf total enclosure
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Existing Enclosure:
▪ ~R-20 Roof Insulation▪ Exposed concrete frame withuninsulated brick cavity wallinfill
▪ Aluminum Frame Windows (assumed no thermal break in frame, no Low-E)
Image courtesy of Elton + Hampton Architects
Castle Square Mid-Rise: Investigation
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Investigation
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Investigation
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Investigation
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Investigation
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Investigation
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Investigation
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Investigation
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Investigation
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Analysis
Simple Analysis• UA analysis• Estimates of ventilation, infiltration
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Castle Square Mid-Rise: Analysis
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Castle Square Mid-Rise Retrofit
Testing, investigation, analysis:• Building is moderately (but not abnormally)
air leaky• Apartment units are not well contained• Any significant improvement to energy
performance will require adding insulation to walls
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Castle Square Mid-Rise Retrofit
Testing, evaluation, analysis:• High performance will require1. adding insulation to walls,2. controlling infiltration and ventilation,3. improving windows
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Castle Square Mid-Rise Retrofit
Performance Targets:–R-40 Walls–R-5 Windows–R-40 Roof–Improve compartmenting as much as
possible
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R-40Wall
R-5Wind
R-3Wall
R-1.7Windo
R-40Roof
20Roo
f
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Castle Square Mid-Rise Retrofit
Image credit: www.CastleDeepEnergy.com
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Castle Square Mid-Rise Retrofit
Image credit: www.CastleDeepEnergy.com
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Castle Square Airflow Control/Ventilation
• Avoid cross-contamination• Provide effective ventilation with minimal
energy inputs• Reduce drivers of infiltration• Compartmenting of apartments is critical to
ventilation performance
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Ventilation
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VentilationContext:• Odor complaints a major motivation for
residents• Exhaust ventilation a part of existing
infrastructure• Project aspiring to LEED-NC recognition
(ventilation distribution requirements)
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Challenges:• Building does not afford interstitial space for
distribution• Hazardous materials (asbestos)• Coordination of façade penetrations
– Coring– Clearances– Time and disruption toresidents
Ventilation
8’-3” floor-to-floor
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Ventilation
Options investigated:ØHRV per apartment
• Ceiling too low for dropped soffit in circulation areas• Asbestos made penetration of partitions impractical
ØCentral supply and Hx• Would need to refit or reconfigure riser• Distribution within apartment
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Ventilation
Selected approach:ØUse existing ventilation shafts, exhaust
– Controlled rate at unit – CAR– Seal exhaust riser from roof– Passive inlet vent (PIV)
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Ventilation
Whither the ventilation supply:• Passive Inlet Vents (PIV)
– Concern about effectiveness of passive vents– Act as intake only when apartment negative WRT
exterior– Could exhaust ventilation act to depressurize
enough – depends on how tight apartment is– Is source controlled?
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Compartmenting
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Compartmenting
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Compartmenting
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Context:• Odor complaints a major motivation for
residents• Project aspiring to LEED-NC recognition
(apartment air tightness requirement)
Compartmenting
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Challenges:ØOccupied renovation severely limits opportunities
• 2 – 3 days total for interior work• Belongings not moved from living and bedrooms
ØInterstitial interconnected• Openings into shafts• Hollow walls
ØLimited disruption beyond kitchen and bath
Compartmenting
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How to identify effective and important measures?
ØHave a look at building(may have to get destructive)– Understand/confirm construction– Assess significance of holes– Devise approaches to seal holes– Test implementation of measures.
Compartmenting
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Compartmenting
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Compartmenting
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Compartmenting
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Context– Buildings are un-insulated– Significant air leakage comfort complaints (papers
blowing off of desks)– Exterior rain infiltration issues– Façade maintenance issues– R-40 performance goal
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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Challenges:– Occupied Retrofit– Significant Thermal Bridging of Concrete Structure– Existing Building Construction Tolerances
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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Options pursued:– Exterior air barrier, insulation and cladding– Exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)– Insulated metal panels (IMP)
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Exterior air barrier, insulation, and claddingCastle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Exterior air barrier, insulation, and cladding:– Large range of options
• Insulation types• Air barrier materials• Cladding options
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Exterior air barrier, insulation, and cladding:– Fire concerns
• Lack of UL rated assemblies– Insulation thickness needed to achieve desired R-
Value could be significant
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)– Lower cost option– No need for design of cladding attachment system
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS)– Thick layers of insulation needed to achieve design
goals– Insurance concerns (Fire, water, durability)
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Insulated metal panels (IMP)Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Insulated metal panels (IMP)– High R-Value – thinner overall thickness– Fire rated– Durable
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Insulated metal panels (IMP)– Attachment due to building variances– Water and Air control approach:
• Use panels as the complete enclosure? (air barrier, insulation, water management)
• Use the panels as an insulated cladding with another air barrier and water management layer behind?
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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Insulated metal panels (IMP) as complete enclosure:
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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Castle Square Wall Insulation StrategyInsulated metal panels (IMP) as complete enclosure:
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Castle Square Wall Insulation StrategyInsulated metal panels (IMP) with separate water/air control:
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Castle Square Wall Insulation StrategyInsulated metal panels (IMP) with separate water/air control:
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▪ Wall System Approaches for Super Insulation (R40) Retrofit2. Field-constructed system
separate components: applied air barrier and drainage plane, cladding attachment, exterior insulation, and cladding;judged to costly and complicated
2. EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish System) required thickness not approved by insurance
3. Insulated metal panel system
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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• Insulated metal panels (IMP)– Compartmentalization of the livingunits
Castle Square Wall Insulation Strategy
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Building Enclosure
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Building Enclosure
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Building Enclosure
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• Insulated metal panels (IMP)– Integration of windows and other enclosure
elements made at the air barrier/water resistive barrier location
Building Enclosure
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Building Enclosure
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