Download - Cognitive Neuroscience an Introduction
Cognition
• Middle English cognicion, from Anglo-French, from
Latin cognition-, cognitio, from cognoscere to become
acquainted with, know, from co- + gnoscere to come to
know
• The act or process of knowing; perception.
• the product of such a process; something thus known,
perceived,
• Faculty for processing information
• Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism become
aware of or obtain knowledge (MeSH)
• A conscious intellectual act , mental process of knowing
learning, thinking, judging
Neuro Science
Cognitive Neuroscience
Knowledge can be acquired by….
Surfing Diving
Begin with beginning
•Trepanning done in South America over 10,000 years•To let the bad spirit out that tormented the brains
•Surgical Papyrus the oldest medical writing 1600 BC•the first known descriptions of cranial sutures, the external brain surface, brain liquor (CSF) and intracranial pulsation•Head and spine trauma and their effect
Alcmaeon of Croton (500 BC)
•Brain as the site of sensation
•Optic nerve as hollow carried the information to
the brain where sensory modalities had its own
localization
Brain and Heart
Hippocrates 460-377 BC
“Men ought to know that from the brain and from the brain only arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and
jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, grieves and tears”.
Aristotle 384-322 B.C
“the heart as the organ of thinking, of perception and feelings,”
“brain could cool the passion of heart”
Galen 130-200 AD
Brain as hollow organ
• The first pair of ventricles were the
seat of the “common senses”. They
would make the analysis of the
information originated in the sense
organs.
•The resultant images were carried
to the middle ventricle, the seat of
reason, thinking and wisdom.
•Then came into action the last
ventricle, the seat of memory”
Leonardo Da Vinci April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519
Renaissance
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 CE)
Descartes, Brain and Mind
•“most active and quickest particles of the blood” were taken by the arteries from the heart to the brain, where they were transformed in a very subtle air or wind, a very pure and active flame: the “animal spirits” •that filaments in the nerves (supposed to be tubes) could move little valvules, opening pores that would allow the flowing or the animal spirits.
Sleeping and Waking
Descartes 1662
Phrenology 1806
Lobar Localization
Paul Broca 1868
Bioelectricity
Discovery of Neuron
Ramony Cajal and Camillo Golgi 1906 Noble
Nerve Cell
Supporting cells
Ion distribution across cell membrane
A. Effect of concentration difference
B. Electrical potential difference affecting negative ions
C. Pressure difference
Ion movement across cell
Resting membrane Potential
Action Potential
Propagation of AP
The Refractory Period
Synapse
Electrical synapse
Chemical Synapse
Neurotransmitter release
Post synaptic receptor
Depolarization of Post Synaptic Neuron
Repolarization
Excitatory and Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential
Neurotransmitters
1. The substance must be present within the presynaptic neuron
2. The substance must be released in response to presynaptic depolarization, and the release must be Ca2+-dependent.
3. Specific receptors for the substance must be present on the postsynaptic cell
Brain Development
Anatomical planes
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
Medial
Anatomical Planes
Cerebrum
Functional Organization
Functional Organization of NS
Motor System
Motor System
Autonomic Nervous System
Sensory System
Pain temp touch Position and vibration sense
Smell and Taste
Hearing
Vision
Consciousness
Sleeping
Language and Communication
Intelligence