City-wide FSM service for improving water security and public
health in Faridpur, Bangladesh
Rafiul Islam, Uttam Kumar Saha, Makfie Farah, Abdullah Al Mamun, Pritum Kumar Saha
8th - 11th January, 2018; Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Snapshot: Faridpur 2014
94% on-site sanitation coverage by 2014
66% containments are illegally connected with drains and rivers
Indiscriminate disposal of emptied sludge in open environment
High water table posing a threat to be contaminated
Low municipal capacity to address the sludge management
Key problems
Unsafe and inappropriate containment
Unhygienic disposal in absence of treatment facilities
Manual emptying
Absence of FSM, exposing risk
Risk Hazard Vulnerability Exposure = X X
Unsafe disposal of
faecal sludge
Insufficient and untrusted
drainage system
Absence of contamination control
mechanism
Pathogens releasing in
open environment
Illegal sewerage connections,
contaminating drains
Long-term water logging; flooded drains
transmitting pathogens to water logged areas
What?
How?
Asian Development Bank. (2013). Moving from Risk to Resilience. Manila: ADB
Hazard scenario in 2014
Only 10% faecal sludge is disposed safely
Source: field study 2014
Intensity of hazard
Sl.
No Sample Type
Testing Parameters
pH TS
(mg/l)
BOD
(mg/l)
COD
(mg/l)
DO
(mg/l)
TC
(N/100ml)
FC
(N/100ml)
E. Coli
(N/100ml)
01 Digested Faecal
Sludge 6.25
15,23
5 193 2,240 0.21 3360 1,910 1,590
02 Random Drain
Water-01 6.55 3,350 354 2,720 0.67 4135 2,550 2,270
03 Random Drain
Water-02 6.60 2,750 390 1,920 0.45 3770 2,120 1,960
04 Random Drain
Water-03 6.75 5,090 396 2,880 0.65 4010 2,950 2,510
Bangladesh Standard
for Sewerage
Discharge (ECR 1997)
-- -- 40 -- -- -- 1,000 --
(Islam-2015)
Exposure scenario
Excessive rain with less drainage facilities creating water logging Inappropriate containments and exposed sewerage connections with drains,
transmitting pathogenic bacteria Drains’ exposed to water bodies carrying harmful pathogens
Website: Bangladesh Meteorological Department
Vulnerability Scenario
As the largest consumers of surface water resources, slum dwellers become more vulnerable.
As per 2014’s count; 17% of the city dwellers suffer from waterborne diseases minimum once in a year; and the percentage rises to 31% if considered slums only.
Source: civil surgeon office of Faridpur
Adopted solution
FSM value chain for risk mitigation and resilience building
Adopted solution in reality
Emptying Transportation
Adopted solution in reality
Disposal
Treatment
Adopted solution in reality
Processing Compost for reuse
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City-wide FSM system and service
FSM service delivery
City-scale FSM treatment plant
Capacitised sweeper groups
Social mobilisation and demand creation
• Rally • BCC material distribution • National Level Debate • Quiz Contest • Television Drama • Street Drama • Oath taking by citizens • School Based Awareness
e-FSM
Service
Aware
54%
people of Faridpur
Changed scenario
Source: field study 2017
Absence of FSM, exposing risk
Risk Hazard Vulnerability Exposure = X X
Around 9% illegal sewerage
connections has discontinued
& Rate of safe desludging
increased 33% since 2014
Subsidized pit emptying tariff increases
desludging rate in slums &
Citywide waterborne dieses reduced from
17% to 09% (in slum areas)
31% to 19%
unsafe disposal
reduced from 227-340m3
to 143-
215m3/day
Reducing Risk
Result
less unsafe disposal of faecal sludge into environment less illegal sewerage connections with drains
Reduction of Hazard’s intensity, by ensuring safe faecal sludge management
less transmission of pathogenic bacteria into fresh water treated waste water going back to nature in 15 days
Reduction of vulnerability, ensuring usable water’s security
Way forward to achieve the resilience
o Bring all the citizen under FSM service and safe management of 100% sludge generated form the city sanitation system;
o Demand creation for improved FSM service coverage;
o Capacity building at ULBs and promotion of private sector engagement in delivering services;
o Standardization of the containment of the on-site sanitation facility; and
o Proper monitoring and facilitation of service delivery process.
Final statement
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This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.
Safe faecal sludge management can reduce the risk of water contamination and improve environmental health in the city