City-wide FSM service for improving water security and public

health in Faridpur, Bangladesh

Rafiul Islam, Uttam Kumar Saha, Makfie Farah, Abdullah Al Mamun, Pritum Kumar Saha

8th - 11th January, 2018; Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Snapshot: Faridpur 2014

94% on-site sanitation coverage by 2014

66% containments are illegally connected with drains and rivers

Indiscriminate disposal of emptied sludge in open environment

High water table posing a threat to be contaminated

Low municipal capacity to address the sludge management

Key problems

Unsafe and inappropriate containment

Unhygienic disposal in absence of treatment facilities

Manual emptying

Absence of FSM, exposing risk

Risk Hazard Vulnerability Exposure = X X

Unsafe disposal of

faecal sludge

Insufficient and untrusted

drainage system

Absence of contamination control

mechanism

Pathogens releasing in

open environment

Illegal sewerage connections,

contaminating drains

Long-term water logging; flooded drains

transmitting pathogens to water logged areas

What?

How?

Asian Development Bank. (2013). Moving from Risk to Resilience. Manila: ADB

Hazard scenario in 2014

Only 10% faecal sludge is disposed safely

Source: field study 2014

Intensity of hazard

Sl.

No Sample Type

Testing Parameters

pH TS

(mg/l)

BOD

(mg/l)

COD

(mg/l)

DO

(mg/l)

TC

(N/100ml)

FC

(N/100ml)

E. Coli

(N/100ml)

01 Digested Faecal

Sludge 6.25

15,23

5 193 2,240 0.21 3360 1,910 1,590

02 Random Drain

Water-01 6.55 3,350 354 2,720 0.67 4135 2,550 2,270

03 Random Drain

Water-02 6.60 2,750 390 1,920 0.45 3770 2,120 1,960

04 Random Drain

Water-03 6.75 5,090 396 2,880 0.65 4010 2,950 2,510

Bangladesh Standard

for Sewerage

Discharge (ECR 1997)

-- -- 40 -- -- -- 1,000 --

(Islam-2015)

Exposure scenario

Excessive rain with less drainage facilities creating water logging Inappropriate containments and exposed sewerage connections with drains,

transmitting pathogenic bacteria Drains’ exposed to water bodies carrying harmful pathogens

Website: Bangladesh Meteorological Department

Vulnerability Scenario

As the largest consumers of surface water resources, slum dwellers become more vulnerable.

As per 2014’s count; 17% of the city dwellers suffer from waterborne diseases minimum once in a year; and the percentage rises to 31% if considered slums only.

Source: civil surgeon office of Faridpur

Adopted solution

FSM value chain for risk mitigation and resilience building

Adopted solution in reality

Emptying Transportation

Adopted solution in reality

Disposal

Treatment

Adopted solution in reality

Processing Compost for reuse

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City-wide FSM system and service

FSM service delivery

City-scale FSM treatment plant

Capacitised sweeper groups

Social mobilisation and demand creation

• Rally • BCC material distribution • National Level Debate • Quiz Contest • Television Drama • Street Drama • Oath taking by citizens • School Based Awareness

e-FSM

Service

Aware

54%

people of Faridpur

Changed scenario

Source: field study 2017

Absence of FSM, exposing risk

Risk Hazard Vulnerability Exposure = X X

Around 9% illegal sewerage

connections has discontinued

& Rate of safe desludging

increased 33% since 2014

Subsidized pit emptying tariff increases

desludging rate in slums &

Citywide waterborne dieses reduced from

17% to 09% (in slum areas)

31% to 19%

unsafe disposal

reduced from 227-340m3

to 143-

215m3/day

Reducing Risk

Result

less unsafe disposal of faecal sludge into environment less illegal sewerage connections with drains

Reduction of Hazard’s intensity, by ensuring safe faecal sludge management

less transmission of pathogenic bacteria into fresh water treated waste water going back to nature in 15 days

Reduction of vulnerability, ensuring usable water’s security

Way forward to achieve the resilience

o Bring all the citizen under FSM service and safe management of 100% sludge generated form the city sanitation system;

o Demand creation for improved FSM service coverage;

o Capacity building at ULBs and promotion of private sector engagement in delivering services;

o Standardization of the containment of the on-site sanitation facility; and

o Proper monitoring and facilitation of service delivery process.

Final statement

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This slide is made possible by the support of American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government.

Safe faecal sludge management can reduce the risk of water contamination and improve environmental health in the city