Download - China: The Water Crisis
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CHINA: THE WATER CRISISKeshav Kohli
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The Triple Threat Flooding (South) Water Shortages
(North) Contamination by
industrial pollution
Severe pollution of Tai Lake in eastern China’s Jiangsu providence.
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A Growing Demand
The breakdown: 78% Agricultural 18% Industry 5% Domestic
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Domestic Demand
Household Consumption
Public Consumption
Livestock
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Industrial Demand
Southeast, Yangtze, and Peal Basins in the south require more than 75% of the total industrial water demand.
Economic reforms of the 1970’s and 1980’s
Food and beverage industries; power plants; mining facilities
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Agricultural Demand Rain-fed Agricultural
Uses Irrigated Agriculture:
covers 56% of total arable land and provides 67% of China’s total grain output Cropping Intensities:
Northern Basins: 135% Southern Basins: 200%
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Water Shortages China has the same amount
of water as Canada, but with a population 100 times greater (The World Resources Institute)
Current policy failures in China's water management: underdeveloped system of water rights administration, weakness in water demand control, lack of market-based tools, and insufficient financing for pollution control.
In short, lack of infrastructure.
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Water Contamination Arsenic
contamination of groundwater
Spread of Algae Increased
Industrialization Toxic spills
2006: 60% of China’s rivers cannot be used as drinking water resources (Magazine of the International Water Association)
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Year Population (million, obviously)
Percent Urban Population
1949 542 -
1954 600 -
1964 700 -
1974 900 -
1981 1000 -
1988 1100 30.38
1990 1135 32.34
1995 1200 36.63
2000 1312 40.44
2087 1369 88.97
Jianfa Shen: The Rural-Urban Population Shift
Possible Causes
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Sewage Crisis and Contamination 1996: more than 20
billion tons of urban sewage was discharged into rivers, lakes, etc.
Spitting on sidewalks contributes to sewage overflow
In effect, drinking water does not meet governmental standards
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So What?
Health Related Effects: Liver and stomach cancer deaths have
doubled since the 1970’s China has the highest liver cancer rate in
the world Arsenic poisoning (Arsenic is a carcinogen)Economic Effects: Water scarcity in urban cities causes a loss
of about $11.2 billion (120 billion yuan) in industrial output