Download - Chapter 3: Organic Molecules and life. I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry A. “Organic” =
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Chapter 3: Organic Molecules and life
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I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry
A. “Organic” =
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I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon (C )
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I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon
* Is water organic?
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I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
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I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C
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I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C
The carbons are often bound to each other, with Hs bound to each carbon
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I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O
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I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O
D. Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings
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I. Intro: Carbon & organic chemistry
A. “Organic” = a molecule that contains the element Carbon
B. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
C. Organic molecules tend to have lots of H bound to C, and often contain O
D. Organic molecules are abbreviated in drawings
E. Organic molecules often contain functional groups
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides: CH2O
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• Monosaccharides
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides
Individual cells are able to harness the energy in monosaccharides and use it to do work (ex, muscle cell contraction)
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can bond to form:
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can bond to form:
2. Disaccharides
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can bond to form:
2. Disaccharides
*Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form:
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides- glucose and fructose are the common dietary monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can bond to form:
2. Disaccharides
*Many monosaccharides can bond in a chain to form:
3. Polysaccharides
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build polysaccharides to either store energy or
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides- chains of monosaccharides. Cells build polysaccharides to either store energy or use them for structure
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
a. Starch- plant storage of glucose
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
a. Starch- plant storage of glucose
b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
a. Starch- plant storage of glucose
b. Glycogen- animal storage of glucose
c. Cellulose- major structural component of plant cell walls
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic- cells use lipids both for energy and structure/function.
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
a. Fatty acids
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
a. Fatty acids
b. Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
a. Fatty acids
b. Triglycerides- the way fatty acids are stored
c. Phospholipids- the major structural component of cell membranes
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic1. Lipids that are or contain fatty acids
2. Steroids
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins- cells use mostly for structure and function, but can use for energy
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins1. Some example functions
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins1. Some example functions
a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins1. Some example functions
a. Structure: ex, keratin, collagen
b. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodies
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. Proteins
1. Some example functionsa. Structure: ex, keratin, collagenb. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodiesc. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin,
proteins that carry fat-soluble vitamins
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. Proteins
1. Some example functionsa. Structure: ex, keratin, collagenb. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodiesc. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin,
proteins that carry fat-soluble vitaminsd. Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive
enzymes
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. Proteins
1. Some example functionsa. Structure: ex, keratin, collagenb. Immune function in vertebrates: ex, antibodiesc. Transport of substances through the blood: ex, hemoglobin,
proteins that carry fat-soluble vitaminsd. Enzymes: drive the reactions that sustain life, ex. Digestive
enzymese. Movement: ex, contractile proteins in muscle cells
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shape
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shapea. They are 3-dimensional
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shapea. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on
its shape
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobic
C. Proteins1. Some example functions
2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids
3. Protein shapea. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on
its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. Proteins
1. Some example functions2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids3. Protein shape
a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids
* Is the sequence of amino acids important to a protein’s function?
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. Proteins
1. Some example functions2. Proteins are long, highly folded chains of amino acids3. Protein shape
a. They are 3-dimensional, each protein’s function depends on its shape, each protein’s shape is determined by its specific sequence of amino acids
b. Patterns of protein folding
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Amino acids bond one-by-one to form
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• The primary structure of a protein
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. ProteinsD. Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA
1. Made of monomers called nucleotides
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. ProteinsD. Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA
1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogenous base.
2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine ( C ).
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. ProteinsD. Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA
1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide, and a nitrogenous base.
2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine ( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U) rather than thymine.
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III. Major Biological MoleculesA. CarbohydratesB. Lipids- Non-polar, hydrophobicC. ProteinsD. Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA
1. Made of monomers called nucleotides; The nucleotides are made of phosphate (PO4), a monosaccharide, and a nitrogenous base.
2. There are four nitrogenous bases used by DNA: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine ( C ). RNA uses one called Uracil (U) rather than thymine.
3. RNA is a single strand, while DNA is made of 2 separate strands. They stick together by H-bonding between the N-bases.
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