CHAPTER 2CELL STRUCTURES &
FUNCTIONS BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
CHAPTER 2
CELL STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONSSUBTOPICS
2.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
2.2Structures and Functions : Cell Membrane
and Organelles
2.3 Cells are Grouped Into Tissues
2.4 Cell Transport
BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
2.1: Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
a) State the three principles of cell theory
(C1)
b) Explain the structures of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells (C2)
c) Illustrate and compare the structures of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (plant
and animal cells)(C2)
BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
a) State the three principles of cell theory (C1)
Principles of Cell Theory
01
02
03
All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the structural &
functional unit of life
All cells come from pre-
existing cells by division
Cell Theory : The Timeline
1663
1676
1838
1839
1858
Robert HookeDiscovered cells in
a piece of cork
Matthias SchleidenGerman Botanist‘All plant parts are made of cells.’
Rudolf VirchowGerman Physician
‘Cell must arise from pre-existing cells’
Theodor Schwann
German Physiologist‘All animal tissues are
composed of cells.’
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
The first to observe and describe magnified living things with
simple microscope.
BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
b) Explain the structures of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells (C2)
DNA is linear.
Eu – true, Karyon – kernel
or nucleus.
DNA is circular and coiled in the nucleoid region.
No membrane-bounded organelles
Pro – before, karyon – kernel or
nucleus.
Str
uc
ture
of
Pro
ka
ryo
tic
& E
uka
ryo
tic C
ell
s
DNA is linear and enclosed
in a nuclear envelope
Many membrane-bounded
organellesPROKARYOTIC CELL
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Structure of a Prokaryotic
Cell
Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell :
Animal Cell
Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell : Plant
Cell
BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
c) Illustrate and compare the structures of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (plant and
animal cells) (C2)
Comparison between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
CellsFEATURE PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Genetic Materials • Single circular DNA
• Lack of histone protein
• Lies freely in the cytoplasm
• Linear DNA
• Associated with histone
protein
• Contained in the nucleus
Cell Division • Binary fission
• No spindle fibers
• Mitosis, meiosis or both
• Spindle fibers formed
Cell Wall • Composed of peptidoglycan • Composed of cellulose (in
plant) and chitin (in fungi)
Membrane-bounded
Organelles
• Absent • Present
• (eg: endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi body , mitochondria)
Comparison between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
CellsFEATURE PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Flagella • Simple flagella without
microtubules
• Complex flagella with 9+2
arrangement of
microtubules
Plasmid • Present • Absent
Cellular Respiration • Occur in mesosomes • Occur in mitochondria
Ribosomes • Smaller size: 70s • Larger size: 80s ; smaller
size (70s) in organelles
SIMILARITIES
DNA as genetic material
Presence of ribosomes
Presence of flagella
Presence of cell wall
2.2: Structures and Functions :
Cell Membrane and
Organellesa) Show the detailed structures of typical plant
and animal cells and state the organelles
present (C1).
b) Explain the structures and functions of the
following organelles ; nucleus, rough
endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi body, lysosome, ribosome,
mitochondria, chloroplast and centriole (C2).
c) Show the structure of plasma membrane
based on Fluid Mosaic Model (C1).
d) Explain the structure of the plasma membrane
and the functions of each of its components
(C2)
BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
2.2: Structures and Functions :
Cell Membrane and Organelles
a) Show the detailed structures of typical plant
and animal cells and state the organelles
present (C1).
Detailed Structure of a
Eukaryotic Cell : Animal Cell
Detailed Structure of a
Eukaryotic Cell : Plant Cell
BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
2.2: Structures and Functions :
Cell Membrane and Organelles
b) Explain the structures and functions of
organelles (C2)
Structures & Functions of Organelles
• Site of protein synthesis
• Transport of proteins
• Modification of proteins
• Intracellular digestion
• Autophagy
• Autolysis
• Defense against diseases
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
GOLGI BODYCENTRIOLE
• Synthesis of lipids
• Detoxification
• Mobilization of glucose from
stored glycogen in the liver
• Form sarcoplasmic reticulum.
• Help to organize mitotic spindle
during animal cell division
• Contains genetic materials
• Controls cell’s activities
• Modification of proteins
• Sorts and package modified
proteins
• Transports protein via transport
vesicles
NUCLEUS
MITOCHONDRIA
• Site of cellular respiration
LYSOSOME
RIBOSOMES
• Site of protein synthesis
IN PLANT CELLS:
CHLOROPLASTSite of Photosynthesis
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus Lysosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Centrioles
BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
2.2: Structures and Functions :
Cell Membrane and Organelles
c) Show the structure of plasma membrane
based on Fluid Mosaic Model (C1)
Structure of Plasma Membrane‘Fluid Mosaic Model’
Proposed by S.J Singer and
G.L Nicolson in 1972
Arrangement of proteins that are
embedded with the surface of
phospholipids bilayer
‘Mosaic’
Phospholipids and proteins can move
around freely (like liquid)
‘Fluid’
• Plasma membrane acts as BOUNDARY that separates the living cells from its
surroundings.
• Exhibit SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY that permits only certain substances to pass through.
BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE
2.2: Structures and Functions :
Cell Membrane and Organelles
d) Explain the structure of the plasma
membrane and the functions of each of its
components (C2)
‘Fluid Mosaic
Model’
Fluid Mosaic ModelMAIN COMPONENTS
• Amphipathic
molecules.
• Have both
hydrophobic and
hydrophilic region
PROTEINS
1. Integral proteins
- Embedded in the
phospholipid bilayer
2. Peripheral proteins
- Loosely attach to the
membrane surface
CARBOHYDRATE
CHAINS
Make the membrane
less fluid at higher
temperature but more
fluid at lower
temperature
1. Glycolipid =
Carbohydrate chain + Lipids
1. Glycoprotein =
Carbohydrate chain +
Protein
PHOSPHOLIPIDS CHOLESTEROL