Download - CHAPTER 2 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE. Level of organisation ATOM MOLECULE ELEMENT COMPOUND SOLUTION Water
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CHAPTER 2
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
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Level of organisation
ATOM MOLECULE ELEMENT
COMPOUND SOLUTION
Water
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Only 4 of the 90 elements make up more than 96% of the mass of the
human body. They are:
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
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Mixture and Solutions
When elements combine to form a compound, the elements no longer have their original properties.
A mixture is a combination of substance in which the individual components retain their properties. Ex: Sand and sugar
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A solution is mixture in which one or more substances (solute) are distributed evenly in another substance (solvent). Ex: Kool-aid
*The concentration of solute is important to organisms
A suspension is a mixture of water and nondissolved materials
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Acids and BasesAcids and Bases
Chemical reactions can occur only when conditions are right; they depend on the pH of the environment
pH is a measure of how acid or basic (alkaline) a solution is
A scale with values ranging from 0 to 14 is used to measure pH
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ACID is any substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water. Ex: HCl (H+) and (Cl-) has a pH of below 7
BASE is any substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.
Ex: NaOH (Na+) & (OH-) has a pH above 7
H+ OH-
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Buffers=dissolved compounds that control pH in the body
( HOMEOSTASIS)Buffers are weak acids or bases that
can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH.
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Importance of Acids and Bases to Biological Systems
Chemical reactions in organisms depend on the pH of the environment
Ex: Pepsidase is an enzyme that works best in the acidic human stomach
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Certain organisms require a certain pH environment for optimum (best) growth
Organism A__________
Organism B ---------------
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
4.5 10.5
0-8 6.5-14
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Life Substances
1.Organic compounds are derived from living things and contain Carbon, must have Carbon and Hydrogen to be organic
2.Inorganic compounds are derived from nonliving things (ex: Water, Carbon Dioxide)
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Carbon compounds: easily form 4 covalent bonds to create chains , rings, or branches
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•Polymerization: when a large compound (polymer) is produced from smaller compounds (monomers) as the smaller compounds are joined together. •Macromolecules: large polymers
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Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis) to make
or build, water is produced Hydrolysis to split, water is
added
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1.Carbohydrates2. Lipids
3. Proteins4.Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
Composed of C (Carbon), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) in
approximate ratio 1:2:1
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Monosaccharide: single (simple) sugar Molecular formula for all 3: C6H12O6
GLUCOSE-Produced by plants through photosynthesis
FRUCTOSE-found in fruits GALACTOSE-found in milk
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Disaccharides formed by 2 sugarsC12H22O11
Sucrose = glucose + FructoseMaltose = glucose + GlucoseLactose = glucose + Galactose
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Polysaccharides formed by more than 2 sugars
Starch-storage for plants Glycogen-storage for
animals (liver) Cellulose-cell wall of plants
Chitin=cell wall of fungi
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What makes them different from one another is the arrangement of the individual atoms (structural formulas)
Isomers – compounds that differ in structure but nor in molecular composition
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Synthesis of Dissachharides
Glucose Fructose Sucrose Water
+ +
C6H12O6 C6H12O6C12H22O6 H2O
++
* Dehydration synthesis-water is squeezed out
+ +
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Hydrolysis of Disaccharide
WaterSucrose FructoseGlucose
C6H12O6 C6H12O6C12H22O6 H2O
+
+
+
+
+
+
* Hydrolysis-water is added
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Lipids: Fatty Compounds
Made of C, H, O w/ a greater # in C:H atoms and a smaller # of O atoms than carbohydrates (No uniform Ratio)Ex: fats, oils, waxes (do Not dissolve
in water)
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Many common lipids are constructed of a unit of:
•Glycerol (3-Carbon Alcohol) combined by dehydration synthesis
•3 fatty acids-hydrocarbon chain with an Carboxyl Group -COOH
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3 fatty acids-hydrocarbon chain with an Carboxyl Group -COOH
Hydrophilic End (water loving-carboxyl end that is polar)
Hydrophobic End (water fearing-hydrocarbon end that is nonpolar)
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Functions: forms much of cell membrane to serve as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell – energy storage for cells
Ex: waxes, triglycerides
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Proteins: Organic Compounds made of C, H, O, N
Polymer made of amino acids (monomers); organisms have thousands of proteins
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Amino Acids: 20 different kinds that form proteins-has 5 Groups:
a) Central C atomb) Single H atomc) Carboxyl Group (COOH)
d) Amine Group (NH2)
e) R Group (repeating CH2 + CH2 of different lengths)
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Dipeptide: 2 amino acids bound together covalently by condensation reaction (a molecule of H2O is lost)-
held together by peptide bondsa) c)
e)d)
b)
Amino acid Amino acid
Dipeptide
Water
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Polypeptide:
A long chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
Ex of Proteins: Insulin (hormone), hemoglobin, and enzymes
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Nucleic Acids: complex organic Nucleic Acids: complex organic molecules that molecules that store important store important
informationinformation in the cell in the cell
2 important types of nucleic acids are 2 important types of nucleic acids are DNADNA and and RNARNA
1.1.DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): stores stores essential info for almostessential info for almost all cell all cell activities-including activities-including cell divisioncell division
2.2.RNA (ribonucleic acid): RNA (ribonucleic acid): stores and stores and transfers info for proteinstransfers info for proteins
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Nucleotides: monomers that make up both DNA & RNA-made up of 3 main
components:
Phosphate Group
Five-Carbon Sugar
Nitrogen Base (ring)