© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
Chapter 12 Lecture
Contemporary
Human
Geography
3rd Edition
Chapter 12:
Services &
Settlements
Marc Healy
Elgin Community College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.1 Types of Services
• Consumer Services
– Nearly one-half of all jobs in the United States
provide a consumer service.
• Retail and wholesale—department stores, grocers
and motor vehicle sales and service, for example
• Health and social services—hospitals, social
assistance, and other health-care services
• Education services
• Leisure and hospitality services—restaurants,
bars, lodging, and the arts and entertainment
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.1 Types of Services
• Consumer Services
Leisure and Hospitality Services
Retail and Wholesale
Health and Social Services
Education Services
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.1 Types of Services
• Business Services
– The principal purpose of a business service is
to facilitate the activities of other businesses.
– One-fourth of all jobs in the United States are in
business services.
• Professional services—technical services and
support services
• Transportation and information services—trucking,
publishing, broadcasting, and utilities
• Financial services—finance, insurance, and real
estate (FIRE)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.1 Types of Services
• Business Services
Transportation and Information Services
Professional Services
Financial Services
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.1 Types of Services
• Public Services
– A public service is to provide security and
protection for citizens and businesses.
– Most jobs are in federal, state, and local
governments.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.1 Types of Services
• Changes in Job Sectors
– Between 1972 and 2013, all of the growth in
employment in the United States was in
services, whereas employment in primary-
and secondary-sector activities declined.
– The service sector was also the sector that
was impacted the most by the severe
recession that began in 2008.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.1 Types of Services
• Changes in Job Sectors
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.2 Central Place Theory
• Central Place Theory
– Central place theory, first proposed in the
1930s by German geographer Walter
Christaller, helps explain how the most
profitable location can be identified.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.2 Central Place Theory
• Market Area of a Service
– A central place is a market center where
people cluster to buy and sell goods and
services.
– To represent a market area (or hinterland) in
central place theory, geographers draw
hexagons around settlements.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.2 Central Place Theory
• Market Area of a Service
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.2 Central Place Theory
• Market Area of a Service
– The United States can be divided into market
areas based on the hinterlands surrounding
the largest urban settlements.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.2 Central Place Theory
• Range of a Service
– To determine the
extent of a market
area, geographers
need two pieces of
information about
a service: its range
and its threshold.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.2 Central Place Theory
• Threshold of a Service
– The threshold is the minimum number of
people needed to support the service.
– Convenience stores and fast-food restaurants
appeal to nearly everyone, whereas other
goods and services appeal primarily to certain
consumer groups.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.3 Hierarchy of Consumer Services
• Nesting of Services
and Settlements – Developed countries
have many small
settlements with
small thresholds and
ranges and far fewer
large settlements
with large thresholds
and ranges.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.3 Hierarchy of Consumer Services
• Rank-Size Distribution of Settlements
– Many developed countries conform to the
rank-size rule, in which the country’s nth-
largest settlement is 1/n the population of the
largest settlement.
– Many less-developed countries follow the
primate city rule, in which the largest
settlement, called the primate city, has more
than twice as many people as the second-
ranking settlement.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.3 Hierarchy of Consumer Services
• Rank-Size Distribution of Settlements
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.4 Market Area Analysis
• Profitability of a Location
– Geographers use the two components of
central place theory—range and threshold—to
determine whether a location would be
profitable. Here’s how:
• Define the market area.
• Estimate the range.
• Estimate the threshold.
• Predict the market share.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.4 Market Area Analysis
• Profitability of a Location
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.4 Market Area Analysis
• Periodic Markets
– A periodic market is a collection of individual
vendors who come together to offer goods
and services in a location on specified days.
– Periodic market frequencies vary by culture:
• Muslim countries—Markets are once a week in
each of six cities, with no market on Friday, the
Muslim day of rest.
• Rural China—Markets operate in three locations
on alternating three day cycles, and no market on
the tenth day. Three cycles fit in a lunar month.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.4 Market Area Analysis
• Periodic Markets
– Periodic market frequencies vary by culture:
• Korea—Two 15-day market cycles fit in a lunar
month.
• Sub-Saharan Africa—Markets occur every 3 to 7
days. Variations in the cycle stem from ethnic
differences.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.5 Hierarchy of Business Services
• Business Services in Global Cities
– Financial institutions
• Corporations obtain and store funds for expansion of
production in centers of finance.
– Headquarters of large corporations
• Shares of these corporations are bought and sold on
stock exchanges located in global cities.
– Lawyers, accountants, and other professional
services
• Global cities provide advice to major corporations
and financial institutions.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.5 Hierarchy of Business Services
• Ranking Global Cities
– A combination of factors are used to identify and
rank global cities:
• Economic factors—number of headquarters for
multinational corporations, financial institutions, and
law firms that influence the global economy
• Political factors—hosting headquarters for
international organizations and capitals of countries
that play a leading role in international events
• Cultural factors—presence of renowned cultural
institutions, influential media outlets, sports facilities,
and educational institutions
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.5 Hierarchy of Business Services
• Ranking Global Cities
– A combination of factors are used to identify and
rank global cities:
• Infrastructural factors—a major airport, health-care
facilities, and advanced communications systems
• Communications—Computers in the twentieth
century make it possible to communicate
immediately with coworkers, clients, and customers
around the world.
• Transportation—Motor vehicles and airplanes make
it possible to deliver people, inputs, and products
quickly.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.5 Hierarchy of Business Services
• Ranking Global Cities
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.5 Hierarchy of Business Services
• Consumer and Public Services in Global
Cities
– Because of their large size, global cities have
consumer services with extensive market
areas, but they may have even more
consumer services than large size alone
would predict.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.6 Business Services in Developing
Countries
• Offshore Financial Services
– Small countries exploit niches in the
circulation of global capital by offering
offshore financial services.
• Taxes—Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains
are typically low or nonexistent.
• Privacy—Bank secrecy laws can help individuals
and businesses evade disclosure in their home
countries.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.6 Business Services in Developing
Countries
• Offshore Financial Services
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.6 Business Services in Developing
Countries
• Business-Process Outsourcing
– Selected developing countries have attracted
back offices for two reasons related to labor:
• Low wages—What is regarded as menial and
dead-end work in developed countries may be
considered relatively high-status work in
developing countries.
• Ability to speak English—In Asia, countries such as
India, Malaysia, and the Philippines have
substantial numbers of workers with English-
language skills.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.7 Economic Specialization of
Settlements
• Economic Base
– The economic activities in a settlement can be
divided into two types:
• A basic business exports primarily to customers
outside the settlement.
• A nonbasic business serves primarily customers
living in the same settlement.
– The economic base of a settlement is its
unique cluster of basic businesses.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.7 Economic Specialization of
Settlements
• Economic Base
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.7 Economic Specialization of
Settlements
• Distribution of Talent
– Some cities have a higher percentage of
talented individuals such as scientists and
professionals.
– Richard Florida found that individuals with
special talents gravitate toward cities that offer
more cultural diversity, and developed a
“coolness” index to measure the desirability of
cities.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.7 Economic Specialization of
Settlements
• Distribution of Talent
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.8 Services in Rural Settlements
• Rural settlements are either clustered or
dispersed:
– A clustered rural settlement is an
agricultural-based community in which a
number of families live in close proximity to
each other, with fields surrounding the
collection of houses and farm buildings.
– A dispersed rural settlement is
characterized by farmers living on individual
farms isolated from neighbors rather than
alongside other farmers in settlements.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.8 Services in Rural Settlements
• Clustered Rural Settlement
– Circular clustered rural settlements
• In sub-Saharan Africa, the Maasai people, who are
pastoral nomads, build circular settlements known
as kraal.
– Linear clustered rural settlements
• Long-lot farms can be seen today along the
St. Lawrence River in Québec.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.8 Services in Rural Settlements
• Clustered Rural Settlement
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.8 Services in Rural Settlements
• Dispersed Rural Settlements
– U.S. dispersed rural settlements
• A dispersed pattern developed because most
immigrants to the Middle Atlantic colonies arrived
individually rather than as members of a cohesive
group, as in New England.
– U.K. dispersed rural settlements
• In the United Kingdom between 1750 and 1850, the
enclosure movement consolidated individually
owned strips of land surrounding a village into a
large farm owned by a single individual.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.8 Services in Rural Settlements
• Dispersed Rural Settlements
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.9 Urban Settlements in History
• Consumer services—The first permanent
settlements may have been places for nomads to
bury and honor their dead.
• Business services—Early urban settlements were
places where groups could store surplus food and
trade with other groups.
• Public services—Early settlements housed
political leaders as well as military forces to guard
the residents of the urban settlement and defend
the surrounding hinterland from seizure by other
groups.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.9 Urban Settlements in History
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.9 Urban Settlements in History
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.10 Urbanization
• Percentage in Urban Settlements
– In developed countries, 77 percent
live in urban areas, compared to
48 percent in developing countries.
• The major exception is Latin America,
where the urban percentage is
comparable to developed countries.
– The population of Earth’s urban
settlements exceeded that of rural
settlements for the first time in
human history in 2008.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.10 Urbanization
• Percentage in Urban Settlements
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.10 Urbanization
• Number in Urban Settlements
– Developed countries have a higher
percentage of urban residents, but developing
countries have more of the very large urban
settlements
– Eight of the 10 most populous cities today are
in developing countries.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
12.10 Urbanization
• Number in Urban Settlements