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Alcoholic Beverages Alcohol is the most popular psychoactive drug in the Western
world Categorized as a depressant Ethyl alcohol – only alcohol that can be consumed
Beer 3-6% alcohol by volume Ales and malt liquors 6-8% alcohol by volume Table wines 9-14% alcohol by volume
Fermenting Fortified wines 20% alcohol by volume
Sugar added Extra alcohol is added
Hard liquors 35-50% alcohol by volume (or stronger) Distilling brewed or fermented grains or other plant products
Proof value Two times the alcohol percentage concentration
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Standard Drinks and Calories One drink = standard drink One drink typically contains 0.6 ounces of alcohol
Caloric content 7 calories per gram One drink (14-17 grams) has about 100-120 calories Also contains carbohydrates One beer about 150 calories “Light” in light beer refers to calories (about 100) 5-ounce glass of red wine has 100 calories 5-ounce glass of white wine has 96 calories 3-ounce margarita has 157 calories 6-ounce Cosmopolitan has 143 calories 6-ounce rum and Coke has 180 calories
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Absorption20% is rapidly absorbed from the stomach75% is absorbed in the upper small intestinesAny remaining is absorbed along the GI trackAbsorption is affected by what is in the drink
Carbonation increases the rate of absorptionArtificial sweeteners (in drink mixers) increase
the absorptionFood in the stomach slows the absorptionDrink of high concentration slows absorptionEventually all the alcohol ingested will be
absorbed5
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Metabolism and ExcretionTransported throughout the body via the
bloodstreamEasily moves through most biological
membranesMain site for metabolism is the liverAbout 2-10% of ingested alcohol is not
metabolized
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Alcohol Intake andBlood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
The amount of alcohol in a person’s blood; a measure of intoxication
Body weight Percentage of body fat Sex
Balance of alcohol absorbed and rate of metabolism Genetic factors Drinking behavior Can not be influenced by:
Exercise Breathing deeply Eating Drinking coffee Taking other drugs
Metabolism is the same if the person is awake or asleep7
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Figure 10.2 Approximate Blood Alcohol Concentration and Body Weight
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The Immediate Effectsof Alcohol on Health
Depends on the individualLow concentrations 0.03%-0.05%Higher Concentrations 0.1%-0.2%
Concentration of .35% and higher can be fatalAlcohol hangoverAlcohol poisoningUsing alcohol with other drugs
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Alcohol and Impaired JudgmentAlcohol-related injuries and violence• Homicide• Suicide• Automobile crashes• Hostility
Alcohol and aggressionAntisocial personality disorderLeads to arrest Impairs home life
Alcohol and sexual decision makingMore likely to engage in unsafe sex
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Drinking and DrivingIn 2008,
275,000 people were injured in alcohol related automobile crashes
11,773 people were killed in alcohol related accidents
Dose-response function• Driving with a BAC of 0.14% is over 40
times more likely to be involved in a crash
• Greater than 0.14%, the risk of fatal crash is estimated to be 380 times higher
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The Effects of Chronic Use
Diseases of the digestive, cardiovascular systems, and some cancers Digestive system
Liver function Liver cell damage and destruction (cirrhosis) Cirrhosis causes drinker to lose tolerance
Pancreas inflammation Cardiovascular system
Moderate doses may reduce the risk of heart disease Higher doses elevates blood pressure, may weaken heart muscle or cardiac
myopathy Cancer
Mouth, throat, larynx, and esophagus 5-6 total drinks daily
Responsible for the most common form of liver cancer Hepatitis speeds the growth of this cancer
Breast cancer Increase risk with 2-3 drinks per day
Brain damage Cognitive impairments and brain shrinkage Memory loss, dementia, and compromised problem-solving
Mortality Alcoholics’ average life expectancy is about 15 years less than non-alcoholics
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Figure 10.4 The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Alcohol Abuse
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The Effects of AlcoholUse During Pregnancy
Effects are dose-relatedFetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Full-blown FAS occurs in up to 15 out of every 10,000 live births in the U.S.
Alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND)
Negative effects on the baby’s brain development
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Possible Health Benefits of AlcoholAbstainers and light to moderate drinkers live
longer than do heavy drinkers35 years old and younger, your odds of dying
increase in proportion to the amount consumed
Moderate drinking = one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for menMay lower coronary heart diseaseRaises blood levels of HDL, reduces blood clotsMay lower risks of diabetes, arterial blockages,
Alzheimer’s
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Alcohol Abuse and DependenceStatistics on American alcohol usage• 60% ages 18 or older routinely drink alcohol• 15% are former drinkers• 25% are lifetime abstainers• 7% are classified as heavy alcohol users
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Abuse Versus DependenceAlcohol abuse is recurrent use that has negative
consequencesAlcohol dependence (alcoholism) involves more
extensive problems, tolerance, and withdrawalWarning signs of alcohol abuse
Drinking alone or secretivelyUsing deliberately and repeatedlySelf-medicatingFeeling uncomfortable on certain occasions when no alcoholEscalating consumptionConsuming alcohol heavily in risky situations (before driving)Getting drunk regularlyDrinking in the morning or at unusual times
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Binge DrinkingThe National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism defines: Pattern of alcohol use that brings a person’s BAC up to
0.08 or above (typically four drinks for a male or three for a woman) within two hours
National Survey on Drug Use and Health defines: Having five drinks in a row for a man or four in a row for
a woman within two hoursAbout 75% of the alcohol consumed by adults in
the U.S. meets the definition of binge drinking
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Table 10.2 The Effects of Binge Drinking on College Students
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AlcoholismPatterns and prevalence
1. Regular daily intake of large amounts2. Regular heavy drinking limited to weekends3. Long periods of sobriety interspersed with binges
or daily heavy drinking lasting for weeks or months4. Heavy drinking limited to periods of stress
Health Effects Delirium tremens (the DTs) Blackouts and other memory problems
Social and psychological effectsCauses of alcoholism
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Treatment ProgramsDifferent programs work for different people
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 12-step program
Al-Anon, Rationale Recovery, Women for SobrietyEmployee assistance and school-based programsInpatient hospital rehabilitationPharmacological treatments.
Disulfiram (Antabuse) Inhibits the metabolic breakdown; feel ill
Naltrexone (ReVia, Depade) Reduces the craving for alcohol and
decreases its pleasant effects Injectable naltrexone (Vivtrol) – single monthly shot Acamprosate (Campral)
Acts on brain pathways related to alcohol abuse
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Gender and Ethnic DifferencesMen
White American menNon-white men
WomenAfrican AmericansLatinosAsian AmericansAmerican Indians and Alaska NativesHelping someone with an alcohol problem
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Table 10.3 Users and Abusers of Alcohol in the U.S.: 2008
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Drinking Behavior and ResponsibilityExamine your drinking behavior
CAGE screening testDrink moderately and responsiblyDrink slowlySpace your drinksEat before and while drinkingKnow your limits and your drinks
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Promote Responsible Drinking in Others
Encourage responsible attitudesBe a responsible hostHold the drinker responsibleTake community action
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Develop ResponsibleDrinking Habits
Keep a record of your behavior in a health journal
Analyze your recordSet goalsDevise a planMonitor your progressReward yourself
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