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CHAPTER 1
Word Building Rules
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Word Building Rules
• Success depends on:– Learning word parts– Learning rules for combining word parts
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Word Root
• Basic foundation of a word– Component parts are added to change meaning
• Example word: cardiologist– cardi (word root) = heart– Words with cardi will always refer to the heart
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Combining Form
• Word root + vowel = combining form
• Vowel is called a combining vowel– Usually an o – occasionally an i– Combining vowels join word parts appropriately
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Combining Vowels: Rule
• When using more than one word root – as in a compound word– Combining vowel is needed to separate the
different word roots– Usually done whether or not the second or third
word root begins with a vowel
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Combining Vowels: Rule
• Example word: myoelectric– Breakdown of word: my/o/electr/ic– Root = my– Combining vowel = o– Root = electr– Suffix = ic
• Note: root + vowel = combining form– my + o = my/o
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Combining Vowels: Rule
• A word cannot end in a combining form– Drop the combining vowel– Add a suffix– Makes the word a noun or an adjective
• Example word: megalocardia– Breakdown of word: megal/o/card/ia– Root = megal
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Combining Vowels: Rule
• Example word: megalocardia– Combining vowel = o– Root = card– Suffix = ia
• Note: Word cannot be megal/o/card/o– Must drop combining vowel o– Must add suffix as an ending
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Question
True or False: The word root is the basic ending of a word.
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Answer
False. The word root is the basic foundation of a word.
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Question
What usually needs to happen when a term has more than one word root?a. You break it into two words.
b. You hyphenate the two word roots.
c. You need a combining vowel.
d. You need a combining consonant.
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Answer
c. A combining vowel is needed. It will usually be an “o” but occasionally an “i”.
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Suffix
• Attaches to the end of the word root– Makes the word a noun or an adjective
• Meaning of suffix remains the same– Suffix changes the meaning of the root to which it is
attached
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Suffix: Rule
• If suffix begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, y)– Root will attach directly to it
• If suffix begins with a consonant– Root will need a combining vowel before attaching
to the suffix
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Suffix: Rule
• Example word: cardiogram– Breakdown of word: cardi/o/gram– Root = cardi– Combining vowel = o– Suffix = gram
• Note: Suffix begins with a consonant– Combining vowel is needed
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Suffix: Rule
• Example word: cardialgia– Breakdown of word: cardi/algia– Root = cardi– Suffix = algia
• Note: Suffix begins with a vowel– Combining vowel is not needed
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Question
In the term hypodermic, why is there no combining vowel before the suffix?a. The suffix begins with a consonant.
b. The suffix begins with a vowel.
c. There is already an o after the prefix.
d. This is an exception to the rule.
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Answer
b. The suffix -ic already begins with a vowel, so no combining vowel is needed.
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Prefix
• Attaches to the beginning of a word
• Meaning of prefix always remains the same– Prefix changes the meaning of the root to which it is
attached– Not all words have prefixes
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Prefix: Rule
• Example word: endocardium– Breakdown of word: endo/cardi/um– Prefix = endo– Root = cardi– Suffix = um
• Prefix attaches directly to beginning of word – Note: Combining vowel is not needed
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Question
True or False: The meaning of prefixes and suffixes never changes, but both change the meaning of the word root.
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Answer
True. The meaning change could be as simple as changing from a noun to an adjective, or from positive to negative.
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Word Structure
• Review – Prefix is placed at the beginning of the word– Suffix is placed at the end of the word root– Combining forms are used when a word has more
than one word root = compound word
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Word Structure
• Review – Compound words are usually composed in the
following order:• Combining form + word root + suffix• Example:
Leuk / o + cyt + osis
(Combining form) + word root + suffix
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Word Structure
• Review – Defining a medical term
• Define suffix first• Read from right to left and define each word element
– Example: carditis• Suffix = itis = inflammation• Word root = card = heart• Definition = inflammation of the heart
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Word Structure
• Review – Medical words with prefixes
• Define suffix first, prefix second, word roots last
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Word Structure
• Example: intracardiac– Suffix = ac = pertaining to– Prefix = intra = within– Word root = cardi = heart– Definition = pertaining to within the heart
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Word Structure
• Review
• When medical words identify body systems or parts– Define suffix first, body organs in order they are
studied in body system
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Word Structure
• Example: cardiopulmonary– Suffix = ary = pertaining to– Body organ = cardi = heart– Body organ = pulmon = lungs– Definition = pertaining to the heart and the lungs
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Question
When you have all three components of a term, what is the order in which you read them?a. Word root, suffix, prefix
b. Prefix, word root, suffix
c. The order does not matter
d. Suffix, prefix, word root
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Answer
d. The suffix is always read first.
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Pronunciation Guidelines
• Pronunciation of medical word– May be exactly like it sounds
• Example: febrile = ‘f’ sound, begins with f
– May begin with a letter or letters that produce the same phonetic sound
• Example: physiology = ‘f’ sound, begins with ph
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Pronunciation Guidelines
• If it sounds like ‘f’– Look for f = febrile– Look for ph = physiology
• If it sounds like ‘j’– Look for j = jejunum– Look for ge = genesis– Look for gi = gingivitis– Look for gy = gyrus
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Pronunciation Guidelines
• If it sounds like ‘k’– Look for k = kyphosis– Look for c = cornea– Look for ch = chorion– Look for qu = quadruplet
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Pronunciation Guidelines
• If it sounds like ‘n’– Look for n = neonatal– Look for pn = pneumonia– Look for kn = knee
• If it sounds like ‘s’– Look for s = sarcoma– Look for c = cervix– Look for ps = psychology
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Pronunciation Guidelines
• If it sounds like ‘sk’– Look for sk = skeleton– Look for sc = sclera– Look for sch = schizophrenia
• If it sounds like ‘z’– Look for z = zygomatic– Look for x = xanthoma
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Question
If intra = within, cardi = heart, and -ac = pertaining to, define the term intracardiac:a. Pertaining to within the heart
b. Pertaining to the heart within
c. The heart pertains to within
d. Within the heart it is pertaining
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Answer
a. Remember, read suffix, prefix, then word root.
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Additional Pronunciation Rules
• Words that begin with c– If followed by e, i, or y
• Pronounced as soft c • Has s sound• Examples
– ce = cervix
– ci = circumduction
– cy = cyst
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Additional Pronunciation Rules
• Words that begin with c– If followed by a, o, u, or consonant
• Pronounced as hard c• Has a k sound
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Additional Pronunciation Rules
• Words that begin with c– If followed by a, o, u, or consonant
• Examples– ca = cancer
– co = collagen
– cu = cuticle
– ch = cheiloplasty
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Additional Pronunciation Rules
• Word roots that end in g– If followed by e or i
• Pronounced as soft g• Sounds like j• Examples
– laryngectomy
– pharyngitis
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Additional Pronunciation Rules
• Word roots that end in g– If followed by a, o, or consonant
• Pronounced as hard g• Has “guh” sound• Examples
– laryngalgia
– meningocele
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Question
True or False: Thankfully, a medical term is spelled just like it sounds.
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Answer
Totally false! It is very important to study and learn the pronunciation guidelines, not only for speaking, but also for writing.
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Possessive Forms
• Some diseases are named after individuals– Preference to use possessive forms– Use of possessive form indicated by preference of
employer or client
• Eponym (EP-oh-nim)– Name of a disease, organ, procedure, or body
function that is derived from the name of a person
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Question
Which of these is an eponym?a. small cell carcinoma
b. Parkinson's disease
c. German measles
d. Parkinson disease
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Answer
b or d. German is a nationality, not a person. James Parkinson discovered a condition of the nervous system. Use of the possessive form depends on the employer, so both b and d could be considered correct.