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CHANGING TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

BHAGYA VIJAYAN

PALB 3120

INTRODUCTION

• Well-being of rural population linked to the performance of agricultural sector

• Agricultural extension:

Increasing growth potential of agricultural sector

Promoting sustainable, inclusive agricultural and economic development

World Development Report (2008)

• Extension services are needed

Specific contexts

Economic enterprises

Livelihood functions

Different farmer categories

• Based on differences in entrepreneurship, poverty and gender

Changes in India’s extension system:

• Policy reforms• Decentralization of extension services• Institutional Restructuring• Management Reforms• Strenghthening R-E-F linkages• Mainstreaming of women in Agriculture

• Use of media and IT

• Pluralistic mode of extension financing

• Participatory extension approaches

• Capacity training

Pluralistic Extension System

• Enhance competitiveness of local agricultural production

• Local economic development

• Enhance local livelihoods

• Ultimately reduce rural poverty

• Improve food security

• Promote greater gender equality

CONCEPT OF PLURALISTIC EXTENSION SYSTEM

PLURALISM

• Inherent in extension in terms of: • Concept• Objectives• Structures• Functions • Methods

• Inclusive

Recognize existence and value of various organizations with different

realities, agenda and behaviour, with a view to embrace a broadened

mandate for agricultural extension with increased emphasis on rural

livelihood approach

PLURALISTIC EXTENSION

PLURALISTIC DIMENSIONS…

CONCEPT

POLICY INSTRUMENT

EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

PROFESSION

SUBJECT MATTER

DISCIPLINE

SERVICE


OBJECTIVES


STRUCTURES

PUBLIC

PRIVATE

NON-GOVERNMENTAL

VOLUNTARY

CLIENT GROUPS


FUNCTIONS

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

TOT

SERVICING INPUT

REQUIREMENT

TRAINING & HRD

EDUCATION

IMPLEMENTING DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES


METHODS

INDIVIDUAL CONTACT

GROUP CONTACT

MASS CONTACT

ICT

TRADITIONAL MEDIA

FARMERS

NARS: Research

NAES: Extension

NAETS: Education and Training

AKIS

AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION

AGROPROCESSORS

PRODUCER ORGANIZATIONS

EXPORTERS

INPUT SUPPLIERS

CREDIT

LAND AGENCIES

FARMER/USERS

EXTENSION ORGANIZATI

ONS

EDUCATIONAL

INSTITUTIONS

FINANCIAL INSTITUTION

S

FARMER BASED/COM

MUNITY BASED

ORGANIZATION

MINISTRIES/DEPARTMEN

TS/AGENCIES

OF GOVERNME

NT

INTERNATIONAL AND

REGIONAL ORGANIZATI

ONS

NGOS

RESEARCH ORGANIZATI

ONS

INPUT DEALERS

CONSUMER

RETAILER

WHOLE SALER

PROCESSOR

TRADER

FARMER

FBO/SHG

FSS

ATMA

EXTENSION WORKERS

DOA

KVK

SAU

ICAR

AGRICLINIC

INPUT DEALER

NGO

MEDIA

E-CHOUPAL

Extension services should be

CONTEXT- SPECIFIC

SITUATION-SPECIFIC

PURPOSE- SPECIFIC

NEED- SPECIFIC

TARGET- SPECIFIC

For farmers, public extension services are just one source of information, often the one focusing purely on production issues

Spielman et al. 2011

Business-related services: Private extension sector

Facilitation services: NGOs and Farmer’s

organizations

MULTI-AGENCY EXTENSION SERVICE

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION NETWORK

Public Extension and

Research Services

Private Extension Services

Mass Media and

Information Technology

Public Extension and Research Services

• State government line departments

• ATMA

• ICAR

• SAUs

• KVKs and Krishi Gyan Kendras (KGKs)

• ATICs

• Institute Village Linkage Program (IVLP)

Private Extension Services

• Agri-clinics and agribusinesses

• Input suppliers/dealers

• Corporate sector

• Community based organizations: FIGs SHGs

• Para extension workers: gopals, mitra kisans, and mahila mitra kisans

Mass Media and Information Technology

• Print media

• Radio, TV and private cable channels

• NICNET, internet and V-SAT

• Farm Information & Advisory Centers (FIACs)

• Private portals

• Public and private information shops

PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPPUBLIC DELIVERY & PUBLIC FINANCETraditional government extension

PUBLIC DELIVERY & PRIVATE FINANCEContracting public staff

P

R

I

V

A

T

E

D

E

L

I

V

E

R

Y

&

P

U

B

L

I

C

F

I

N

A

N

C

E

N

G

O

s

,

C

B

O

s

PRIVATE DELIVERY & PRIVATE FINANCEPrivatised extension

FARMING SYSTEMS APPROACH

Farming

Nutrition

Food security

Sustainability

Risk minimization

Income and employment generation

FARMER-PARTICIPATORY APPROACH

• Problem diagnosis

• Searching for appropriate technology

• Implementation process

• Monitoring, evaluation and feedback

DEMAND-DRIVEN AND FARMER-ACCOUNTABLE EXTENSION

• Access to linkage mechanisms

• Relevant information/data

• Improving feedback systems : FOs

THRUST ON MARKET EXTENSION

• Marketing: major constraint in enhancing farm incomes

• Need to focus on

agricultural marketing

• Public and private sectors, Media

OBJECTIVES OF MARKET LED EXTENSION.

• Conversion of Agriculture sector into profit oriented business

• Strengthening R-E-F linkages – between various departments at various levels.

• Strengthening market linkages to farmers – IT application in Agricultural marketing.

• Wider use of electronic mass media for Agricultural Extension.

31

REPERTOIRE OF MLE

• During last 50 years emphasis was given on PRODUCTION-LED EXTENSION (PLE)

• India become self reliant on food production.

• But the farmers at individual level are not realizing remunerative prices for their produce

• They sell their produce “AS IS WHERE” basis.

Started in Kerala in the year 1993 As an experiment by combining SHGs and market oriented

production. The GOI in collaboration with MANAGE Hyderabad as

successfully pilot tested MLE with ATMA in 7 states and 28 districts

Some of the developments are

Collective marketing AGMARKNET Rythu Bazaars (Rythara Santhe) RKVY

Getting impetus from.......Globalization/Economic liberalizationChanged consumer preferenceRevolution in ICTNew trade opportunities within and outside the country Export opportunities

A brief idea.........

Market-A congregation of prospective buyers & sellers with a common motive of trading a particular commodity.

Extension- It is the spreading/reaching out to the mass

Market led Extension- Agriculture & economics coupled with extension is the perfect blend for reaching at the door steps of common man

CHARGING FOR EXTENSION SERVICES

• Emergence of a market for private extension advice

• To recover the costs

INSTITUTIONAL RESTRUCTURING

• Increase farmer input in program planning and resource allocation

• Increase accountability to stakeholders

• Increase program coordination and integration between departments

• e.g. ATMA

GROUP APPROACH TO EXTENSION

• FIGs and SHGs

• Farmer cooperatives

• Bottom-up approach

• Farmer and extension worker participatory process

STRENGTHENING RESEARCH-EXTENSION-FARMER LINKAGES

• Participatory education rather than prescription

• Joint actions in the field

• Widening the range of extension delivery services

• Promotion of a Direct Interface between Farmers, Extension Workers and Researchers

CAPACITY BUILDING OF EXTENSION WORKERS

• Formulation of Human Resource Development (HRD) Policy by States

• Formulation of a Training Plan for Extension Workers

• Upgrading SAMETIs

ESTABLISHING WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE

• Improving Access to Extension and Training

• Redesigning Extension Services to Reach Women Farmers

• Expanding the Sphere of Women Extension Workers

USE OF IT

• Information Technology Applications in Agricultural Marketing

• Wider Use of Electronic Mass Media for Agricultural Extension

• Farmer Participation in IT Programs

• Private Information Shops/Kiosks

FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY AND RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

• Carefully targeted public funding

• Cost-Cutting Mechanisms:

Involvement of NGOs

Use of mass media

Need based coverage

OUTSOURCING SERVICES

• Contracting-in the services

• Based on comparative and competitive advantages

• Synergy and complementarities in service provision

DECENTRALIZATION

• Bottom up approach

• Authority at lower levels

• Participatory decision making

FARMER FIELD SCHOOL (FFS)

• Group-based learning process

• Innovative, participatory and interactive model approach

REFERENCES• Market led extension dimensions and tools:

F.M.H.Kaleel,Jayasree Krishnankutty

K.Satheesh Babu• Review of Agricultural Extension in India:

IFPRI• Future Extension Education Perspective in India:

A.K.Singh,Lakhan Singh,Roy Burman• Pluralistic Agricultural Extension System in India: Innovations and

Constraints:

M.S. Meena and K.M. Singh and B.E. Swanson

• Agricultural Extension in Transition Worldwide:FAO

• Decentralization of Public-Sector Agricultural Extension in India:

IFPRI

THANK YOU…

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