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Chapter III Development approach
Development approach: (6 hours) LEP (labor based, environment friendly and
participatory),
Community management, engineers role as facilitator,
Key features of infrastructure developmentpolicies of Nepal, Ethnographic approach to collect information ,
Participatory approach as community empowerment ,
Participatory tools, focus group discussions, keyinformants interview,
Participatory observation, structured questionnaire,
Resource mapping, wealth ranking, poverty definition
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Infra structure development in Nepal started during 1950. and until then Nepal had ,no
infrastructure linkages to the rest of the world .
Since then, the government has been making efforts to
provide increased access to education, transportation,communication, health services, electricity and other
infrastructure services.
Despite these efforts Nepal remains one of the poorest
countries with poverty reduction as the major challenge.
One of the most dominant challenges of Nepal is todevelop the basic infrastructures to accelerate its pace
of development.
For this, transportation plays a vital role in the overall
development and socio-economic transformation of a
country.
In Nepal, road transport has predominant role because itis the only means for public transportation except the
limited air service to some part of the country which is
not affordable to common people.
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Infra structure development in Nepal
Therefore, Road infrastructure serves as a backbone for
an overall socio-economic development of Nepal.
Negligible length of Railways available in Nepal has
diminished surprisingly in the last 4 decades.
Janakpur Jainagar Railway which is a narrow gauge in
poor condition is the only railway facility in Nepal .
Since the overall development of Nepal is pivoted around
Infrastructure development focussed at road transport
and aimed at poverty reduction , Government of Nepal
has its priority in this sub-sector.
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Infrastructure evelopment Policy
Rural Infrastructure
Water Resources
Irrigation and Water Induced Disaster
Management
Hydro Electricity
Alternative Energy Road and other Transports
Information and Communications
Building, Housing and Urban Development
Science and Technology
Environment and Climate Change
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ec ora eve opmen
Policies
Agriculture, Irrigation, Land Reforms and
Forests
Agriculture
Irrigation Land Reform and Management
Food Security and Nutrition
Forests and Soil Conservation
Industry, Commerce, Supplies and Tourism Industry
Commerce
Supplies
Tourism 5
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Social Development Population
Education
Health and Nutrition
Drinking Water and Sanitation
Culture
Social Security and Protection
Social Security
Senior Citizens
Persons with Disabilities Children and Adolescents
Youth Development
Sports Development
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What is etnography data collection?
Ethnographic research is qualitative in nature in that it uses
observations, interviews and narratives to study or obtain
knowledge about the human experience
The science of ethnography developed over two centuries to
report behaviours of indigenous peoples, and continues as a
primary research method for understanding cultural groupings.
Ethnography is an approach to research and not a specific data
collection technique. It is a multiple technique approach an
ethnographer can adapt and use a mix of methods appropriate
to a situation. Frequently, though, ethnographers rely on
participant observation to gather data. As a participantobserver, the ethnographer is socially and physically immersed
in the case to accumulate local knowledge.
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Ethnography is
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1. A holisticapproachtothestudyofculturalsystems.
2.
is
the
study
of
the
socio cultural
contexts, processes,
and
meanings
within
cultural
systems.
3. studyofculturalsystemsfrombothemicandeticperspectives.
4. processofdiscovery,makinginferences,and continuinginquiriesinan
5.
Attempt
to
achieve
emic
validity.
6. aniterativeprocessoflearningepisodes.
7. an open ended emergent learningprocess, and not a rigid
investigator
controlled
experiment.
8.
highly
flexible
and
creative
process.
9. aninterpretive, reflexive,andconstructivistprocess.
10. requiresthedailyandcontinuousrecordingoffield notes.
11.presents the world of its hostpopulation in human contexts of thickly
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Fieldwork
living with people for an extended time to
gather data using a variety of field techniques
for collecting that data
fieldwork & field techniques developed in the
study of smaller scale societies with greater
cultural uniformity compared to large-scaleindustrial societies
the concept of holism
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Before Fieldwork
schooling & training
language acquisition (at school & in the field)
research proposal
visa, government bureaucracies &permissions to do fieldwork
changing nature of the rules of fieldwork
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ethnography
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Aim
History
Methodology
Examples
Strengths & Weaknesses
Historical-Comparative Research
It documents routinedaily lives of people(Fetterman,1998)
Explores a cultural group
Lives with people, orspends a lot of time withthem
Has a guiding questionthat evolves during the
study (Hall, 2003)
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Advantages: &Disadvantages:
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Advantages:
In-Depth understanding of a
culture amongst a group of
people (detailed and more
likely valid interpretations)
Gives a voice to a culture to
express their views, whichmight not otherwise be
heard
Influential in creating an
understanding amongoutsiders
Also may reveal embedded
cultural values that were not
obvious to the group
Disadvantages:
Cumbersome and Time-
consuming, and can beexpensive
Possibility that researcher ischanging the natural way aculture behaves by being present
Not really able to generalizefindings
Inappropriate for analyzingcomplex environmentalproblems whose cause-effect
relationships are external to theplace and time of study (e.g.,climate change)
Difficulty of reconcilingconstructive engagement withcritical reflection
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Focus Groups DiscussionWhat is a focus group?
A focus group is a carefully planned discussion
designed to obtain perceptions on a defined area of
interest in a permissive, non-threatening
environment.
When are they used?
Who Cares?
Valuable research tool
A VERY marketable practical skill
focous group discussion.docx
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Focus Groups Discussion Qualitative Research:
Focus Groups
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Qualitative concentrates on wordsand observations to express reality andattempts to describe people in naturalsituations.
Quantitative grew out of a strongacademic tradition that placesconsiderable trust in numbers thatrepresent opinions or concepts.
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Focus Groups Discussion The Moderator
Choosing a moderator Role of assistant moderator
Moderator roles
Seeker of Wisdom
Enlightened Novice
Expert Consultant
Challenger
Referee
Writer
A Team: Discussion Leader & Technical Expert
Mental preparation Pre-session strategy
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Focus Groups DiscussionSelecting Participants
Group composition
Selection
Bias
Randomization
Cost vs. Quality
Group size
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Focus Groups DiscussionThe Participants
On average, 6-10 people participate in each focusgroup.
Small enough to give everyone the opportunity to
express an opinion.
Large enough to provide diversity of opinions.
Should be composed of people who are not too familiar
with one another (e.g., friends, family).
Typical focus group study has a minimum of three focus
groups and as many as several dozen groups.
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Focus Groups DiscussionAdvantages
Socially oriented research procedure. Format allows the moderator to probe
flexibility to explore unanticipated issues.
High face validity.
Relatively low-cost.
Relatively fast results.
Unlike structured interviews, increasing the
sample size requires minimal time and
resource investment.
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Focus Groups DiscussionDisadvantages
Less experimental control.
Data more difficult to analyze.
Requires carefully trained interviewers.
Groups may vary considerably.
Groups may be difficult to assemble.
Discussion must be conducted in an
environment that is conducive to
conversation.
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Focus Groups Discussion
Validity of Focus Groups
How much confidence can you have in the data?
High potential for leading and bias
Face validity
Moderator is critical
When to use the Focus Group Method
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Focus Groups Discussion
When to use the Focus Group Method
Insights are needed into a new area of research.
Our purpose is to investigate topics where
opinions or attitudes are conditional.
Researcher needs additional information to
prepare for a larger scale study.
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Focus Groups Discussion
When NOT to use the Focus Group Method
When the discussion could become emotionally charged.
When the researcher loses control over the project and
relinquishes control to a biased third party.
Statistical projections are needed.
Other methods would produce better quality information.
Confidentiality is compromised.
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Focus Groups Discussion
Overview of Focus Group Design
1. Carefully plan the focus group.
2. Write the script and practice.
3. Identify and recruit the participants.
4. Conduct the focus group sessions.
5. Develop the coding scheme.
6. Segment and code the data.
7. Analyze the data.
8. Interpret and publish the results.
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Focus Groups Discussion
Planning
Purpose of study:
Exploratory versus confirmatory.
What do we expect to learn?
What are the main questions of interest?
What is the appropriate order of questions?
Considerations for Creating the Script
What do you want to know?
What kind of response will a given item elicit?
Clarity of questions
Consensus?24
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Focus Groups Discussion
Types of Focus Group Questions
Opening question (Ice breaker)
Introductory questions
Transition questions
Key questions
Ending questions
All-things-considered question
Summary question
Final question
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Focus Groups Discussion
Moderating
Evaluating participants before-hand
Eye contact
Open-ended questions
Was it enjoyable to meet this
person?
How did you feel about meeting
this person?
Dichotomous questions
Affirmation
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Yes
Thats good
I agree
Good point
Why?!?!
Forces a rational
response
Can be too pointed
Unindicted questions,
followed by cue
unexpected questions
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Focus Groups Discussion
Create Your Own Script
Build your own focus group script:
Choose a topic that interests you:
1.Childrens toy preferences
2.Ways to educate people about diet pill addiction.3.Optimizing professor/grad student communication
4.Exploring adult listening preferences for rush-hour
radio stations
5.Preferences for long distance communication
6.Ways to survive first year of grad school
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Focus Groups Discussion
Activity Objectives
1. Explain why your topic is suitable for a focus group study.Would it be a stand-alone project or in conjunction with other
measures?
2. Identify questions of interest.
3. Discuss how you would recruit your participants.
4. Develop a script with an ice breaker, 3 key questions, and a
summary question.
5. Develop skeleton coding scheme.
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