ch ii key feature of development policies

8/10/2019 CH II Key Feature of Development Policies

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Chapter III Development approach

Development approach: (6 hours) LEP (labor based, environment friendly and

participatory),

Community management, engineers role as facilitator,

Key features of infrastructure developmentpolicies of Nepal, Ethnographic approach to collect information ,

Participatory approach as community empowerment ,

Participatory tools, focus group discussions, keyinformants interview,

Participatory observation, structured questionnaire,

Resource mapping, wealth ranking, poverty definition

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Infra structure development in Nepal started during 1950. and until then Nepal had ,no

infrastructure linkages to the rest of the world .

Since then, the government has been making efforts to

provide increased access to education, transportation,communication, health services, electricity and other

infrastructure services.

Despite these efforts Nepal remains one of the poorest

countries with poverty reduction as the major challenge.

One of the most dominant challenges of Nepal is todevelop the basic infrastructures to accelerate its pace

of development.

For this, transportation plays a vital role in the overall

development and socio-economic transformation of a

country.

In Nepal, road transport has predominant role because itis the only means for public transportation except the

limited air service to some part of the country which is

not affordable to common people.

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Infra structure development in Nepal

Therefore, Road infrastructure serves as a backbone for

an overall socio-economic development of Nepal.

Negligible length of Railways available in Nepal has

diminished surprisingly in the last 4 decades.

Janakpur Jainagar Railway which is a narrow gauge in

poor condition is the only railway facility in Nepal .

Since the overall development of Nepal is pivoted around

Infrastructure development focussed at road transport

and aimed at poverty reduction , Government of Nepal

has its priority in this sub-sector.

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Infrastructure evelopment Policy

Rural Infrastructure

Water Resources

Irrigation and Water Induced Disaster

Management

Hydro Electricity

Alternative Energy Road and other Transports

Information and Communications

Building, Housing and Urban Development

Science and Technology

Environment and Climate Change

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ec ora eve opmen

Policies

Agriculture, Irrigation, Land Reforms and

Forests

Agriculture

Irrigation Land Reform and Management

Food Security and Nutrition

Forests and Soil Conservation

Industry, Commerce, Supplies and Tourism Industry

Commerce

Supplies

Tourism 5


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Social Development Population

Education

Health and Nutrition

Drinking Water and Sanitation

Culture

Social Security and Protection

Social Security

Senior Citizens

Persons with Disabilities Children and Adolescents

Youth Development

Sports Development

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What is etnography data collection?

Ethnographic research is qualitative in nature in that it uses

observations, interviews and narratives to study or obtain

knowledge about the human experience

The science of ethnography developed over two centuries to

report behaviours of indigenous peoples, and continues as a

primary research method for understanding cultural groupings.

Ethnography is an approach to research and not a specific data

collection technique. It is a multiple technique approach an

ethnographer can adapt and use a mix of methods appropriate

to a situation. Frequently, though, ethnographers rely on

participant observation to gather data. As a participantobserver, the ethnographer is socially and physically immersed

in the case to accumulate local knowledge.

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Ethnography is

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1. A holisticapproachtothestudyofculturalsystems.

2.

is

the

study

of

the

socio cultural

contexts, processes,

and

meanings

within

cultural

systems.

3. studyofculturalsystemsfrombothemicandeticperspectives.

4. processofdiscovery,makinginferences,and continuinginquiriesinan

5.

Attempt

to

achieve

emic

validity.

6. aniterativeprocessoflearningepisodes.

7. an open ended emergent learningprocess, and not a rigid

investigator

controlled

experiment.

8.

highly

flexible

and

creative

process.

9. aninterpretive, reflexive,andconstructivistprocess.

10. requiresthedailyandcontinuousrecordingoffield notes.

11.presents the world of its hostpopulation in human contexts of thickly


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Fieldwork

living with people for an extended time to

gather data using a variety of field techniques

for collecting that data

fieldwork & field techniques developed in the

study of smaller scale societies with greater

cultural uniformity compared to large-scaleindustrial societies

the concept of holism


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Before Fieldwork

schooling & training

language acquisition (at school & in the field)

research proposal

visa, government bureaucracies &permissions to do fieldwork

changing nature of the rules of fieldwork


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ethnography

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Aim

History

Methodology

Examples

Strengths & Weaknesses

Historical-Comparative Research

It documents routinedaily lives of people(Fetterman,1998)

Explores a cultural group

Lives with people, orspends a lot of time withthem

Has a guiding questionthat evolves during the

study (Hall, 2003)


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Advantages: &Disadvantages:

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Advantages:

In-Depth understanding of a

culture amongst a group of

people (detailed and more

likely valid interpretations)

Gives a voice to a culture to

express their views, whichmight not otherwise be

heard

Influential in creating an

understanding amongoutsiders

Also may reveal embedded

cultural values that were not

obvious to the group

Disadvantages:

Cumbersome and Time-

consuming, and can beexpensive

Possibility that researcher ischanging the natural way aculture behaves by being present

Not really able to generalizefindings

Inappropriate for analyzingcomplex environmentalproblems whose cause-effect

relationships are external to theplace and time of study (e.g.,climate change)

Difficulty of reconcilingconstructive engagement withcritical reflection


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Focus Groups DiscussionWhat is a focus group?

A focus group is a carefully planned discussion

designed to obtain perceptions on a defined area of

interest in a permissive, non-threatening

environment.

When are they used?

Who Cares?

Valuable research tool

A VERY marketable practical skill

focous group discussion.docx

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Focus Groups Discussion Qualitative Research:

Focus Groups

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Qualitative concentrates on wordsand observations to express reality andattempts to describe people in naturalsituations.

Quantitative grew out of a strongacademic tradition that placesconsiderable trust in numbers thatrepresent opinions or concepts.

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Focus Groups Discussion The Moderator

Choosing a moderator Role of assistant moderator

Moderator roles

Seeker of Wisdom

Enlightened Novice

Expert Consultant

Challenger

Referee

Writer

A Team: Discussion Leader & Technical Expert

Mental preparation Pre-session strategy

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Focus Groups DiscussionSelecting Participants

Group composition

Selection

Bias

Randomization

Cost vs. Quality

Group size

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Focus Groups DiscussionThe Participants

On average, 6-10 people participate in each focusgroup.

Small enough to give everyone the opportunity to

express an opinion.

Large enough to provide diversity of opinions.

Should be composed of people who are not too familiar

with one another (e.g., friends, family).

Typical focus group study has a minimum of three focus

groups and as many as several dozen groups.

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Focus Groups DiscussionAdvantages

Socially oriented research procedure. Format allows the moderator to probe

flexibility to explore unanticipated issues.

High face validity.

Relatively low-cost.

Relatively fast results.

Unlike structured interviews, increasing the

sample size requires minimal time and

resource investment.

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Focus Groups DiscussionDisadvantages

Less experimental control.

Data more difficult to analyze.

Requires carefully trained interviewers.

Groups may vary considerably.

Groups may be difficult to assemble.

Discussion must be conducted in an

environment that is conducive to

conversation.

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Focus Groups Discussion

Validity of Focus Groups

How much confidence can you have in the data?

High potential for leading and bias

Face validity

Moderator is critical

When to use the Focus Group Method

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When to use the Focus Group Method

Insights are needed into a new area of research.

Our purpose is to investigate topics where

opinions or attitudes are conditional.

Researcher needs additional information to

prepare for a larger scale study.

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When NOT to use the Focus Group Method

When the discussion could become emotionally charged.

When the researcher loses control over the project and

relinquishes control to a biased third party.

Statistical projections are needed.

Other methods would produce better quality information.

Confidentiality is compromised.

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Overview of Focus Group Design

1. Carefully plan the focus group.

2. Write the script and practice.

3. Identify and recruit the participants.

4. Conduct the focus group sessions.

5. Develop the coding scheme.

6. Segment and code the data.

7. Analyze the data.

8. Interpret and publish the results.

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Planning

Purpose of study:

Exploratory versus confirmatory.

What do we expect to learn?

What are the main questions of interest?

What is the appropriate order of questions?

Considerations for Creating the Script

What do you want to know?

What kind of response will a given item elicit?

Clarity of questions

Consensus?24

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Types of Focus Group Questions

Opening question (Ice breaker)

Introductory questions

Transition questions

Key questions

Ending questions

All-things-considered question

Summary question

Final question

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Moderating

Evaluating participants before-hand

Eye contact

Open-ended questions

Was it enjoyable to meet this

person?

How did you feel about meeting

this person?

Dichotomous questions

Affirmation

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Yes

Thats good

I agree

Good point

Why?!?!

Forces a rational

response

Can be too pointed

Unindicted questions,

followed by cue

unexpected questions

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Create Your Own Script

Build your own focus group script:

Choose a topic that interests you:

1.Childrens toy preferences

2.Ways to educate people about diet pill addiction.3.Optimizing professor/grad student communication

4.Exploring adult listening preferences for rush-hour

radio stations

5.Preferences for long distance communication

6.Ways to survive first year of grad school

7.Others?27

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Activity Objectives

1. Explain why your topic is suitable for a focus group study.Would it be a stand-alone project or in conjunction with other

measures?

2. Identify questions of interest.

3. Discuss how you would recruit your participants.

4. Develop a script with an ice breaker, 3 key questions, and a

summary question.

5. Develop skeleton coding scheme.

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ch ii key feature of development policies

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