Ch 11- Classifying Prokaryotes
Shapes & Arrangements
Archae Extremophiles-extreme conditions
Thermophiles-extreme heat
Halophiles-salty environmentsEx: great salt lake, dead sea
Methanogens-obligate anaerobes, make methane gasEx:hydrothermal vents
Loving Environments Psychrophiles- super cold
Ex: ice, freezer, refrigerators, cold water, cause food spoilage
Mesophiles-best at 20-40 C (human body 37C)
Ex: human pathogens
Thermophiles- hot
Ex: hot springs, don’t cause disease
Hyperthermophiles-Archae, extremely hot
Ex: hydrothermal vents, volcanic necks
Neutrophiles- pH 6.5-7.5, human body
Acidophiles- acidic habitats
Reproduction Binary Fission
1. Cell replicates DNA
2. Cell grows, DNA moves apart
3. Forms a cross wall
4. 2 new daughter cells
SporesReproductive cells that can make a clone of
original organism
BuddingOutgrowth of original cell receives genetic
material and enlarges
Endospore formation
1. Replicates DNA
2. Cytoplasm splits
3. Membrane grows to make spore coat
4. Endospore is released
Survey of Bacteria
Deeply BranchingSimilar to earliest bacteriaHot, acidic, anaerobic, lots of UV
Phototrophic- absorb light
Cyanobacteria- aka blue-green algae Transformed early atmosphere in oxygen
containing (Endosymbiotic Theory)
nitrogen fixation-nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3), because few organisms can use nitrogen
Green & Purple Phototrophic Bacteria- anoxygenic- do not make O2 during
photosynthesis Found in anaerobic muds
G & C Ratios (% of guanine/cytosine base pairs)Low Positive
1. Clostridia-rod shaped, obligate anaerobes
○ Endospores- survive harsh conditions○ Medicine & industry
C. tetani- tetanus C. botulinum-food poisoning,
botox C. perfringens- gangrene C. difficile-diarrhea Veillonella- tooth plaque
2. Mycoplasmas- lack cell wallsEx: pneumonia, UTI’s
3. Gram positive bacilli & cocci
a. Bacillus-facultative anaerobes, endospores, flagella, found in soil B. anthracis- anthrax, bioterrorism (reading pg 327)
B. cereus-contaminate rice b/c can’t cook out endospores
b. Listeria- dairy products, reproduces even in fridge, can kill fetus (why pregnant women shouldn’t eat deli) c. Lactobacillus-used to make yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, and sauerkraut, protect digestive tract
d. Streptococcus & Enterococcus- strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, pneumonia, & others e. Staphylococcus aureus- found naturally on skin, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, wound infections
MRSA-methicillin resistant
High Positive1. Corynebacterium-pleomorphic C. diphtheria- diphtheria – upper respiratory disease, DPT vaccine 2. Mycobacterium-aerobic, slow growing
M. tuberculosis- tuberculosis M. leprae- leprosy 3. Actinomycetes-form filaments so resemble fungi
a. Actinomyces- normally in oral cavity and throat, can spread to abdomen & cause disease
b. Nocardia-degrades pollutants of landfills
c. Streptomyces-recycle nutrients in soil, give “soil” smell-produce antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline
Reading pg 331
Gram-Negative1. Alphaproteobacteria-aerobes that grow at very low nutrient levels a. Nitrogen fixers- important in ag
Azospirillum-toots of tropical grasses-sugar caneRhizobium- leguminous plants
b. Nitrobacter-convert ammonia into nitrate, more available to plants
c. Purple nonsulfer bacteria- mud, harvest light but don’t make oxygen
d. Rickettsia- have to live within other cells, typhus & Rocky Mtn spotted fever
e. Ehrlichia- tick borne, causes disease by living in WBC’s f. Acetobacter & Gluconobacter- used to make vinegar g. Caulobacter- found in nutrient poor water, superglue reading pg 335 h. Agrobacterium- infects plants (galls)
2. Beta proteobacteria-low levels of nutrients
a. Nitrosomonas-nitrifying soils
b. Neisseria-gonorrhea, PID
c. Bordetella-pertussis
d. Burkholderia-moist surfaces/medical equipment
e. Thiobacillus-recycle sulfur, used by miners to leach metals from ore
f. Zooglea- sewage treatment plants, purification
g. Sphaerotilus-sewage treatment plants, impede flow of water
h. Spirillum-rat bite fever
3. Gammaproteobacteria-
a. Purple sulfur bacteria- found in sulfur rich zones b. Legionella- Legionnaires disease c. Coxiella- Q fever, passed in milk d. Methylococcus- anaerobic, use methane as energy e. Psudomonas-spoilage of refrigerated foods, UTI’s, swimmer’s ear
f. Azomonas & Azotobacter- soil dwelling, nitrogen fixers
4. Deltaproteobacteriaa. Desulfovibrio-sulfur cycle, corrosion of iron pipes b. Bdellovibrio-attacks other bacteria c. Myxobacteria- soil with decaying plant material or animal dung 5. Epsilonproteobacteriaa. Campylobacter-blood poisoning b. Heliobacter-ulcers
Others1. Chlamydia- STD, neonatal blindness 2. Spirochaetes
a. Treponema-syphilis
b. Borrelia-Lyme disease 3. Bacteroides
a. Bacteroides-digestive tract, 30% of feces, can cause infection
b. Cytophaga-degrade complex polysaccharides-
damage to wood, important in sewage breakdown