ch 11- classifying prokaryotes. shapes & arrangements
TRANSCRIPT
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Ch 11- Classifying Prokaryotes
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Shapes & Arrangements
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Archae Extremophiles-extreme conditions
Thermophiles-extreme heat
Halophiles-salty environmentsEx: great salt lake, dead sea
Methanogens-obligate anaerobes, make methane gasEx:hydrothermal vents
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Loving Environments Psychrophiles- super cold
Ex: ice, freezer, refrigerators, cold water, cause food spoilage
Mesophiles-best at 20-40 C (human body 37C)
Ex: human pathogens
Thermophiles- hot
Ex: hot springs, don’t cause disease
Hyperthermophiles-Archae, extremely hot
Ex: hydrothermal vents, volcanic necks
Neutrophiles- pH 6.5-7.5, human body
Acidophiles- acidic habitats
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Reproduction Binary Fission
1. Cell replicates DNA
2. Cell grows, DNA moves apart
3. Forms a cross wall
4. 2 new daughter cells
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SporesReproductive cells that can make a clone of
original organism
BuddingOutgrowth of original cell receives genetic
material and enlarges
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Endospore formation
1. Replicates DNA
2. Cytoplasm splits
3. Membrane grows to make spore coat
4. Endospore is released
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Survey of Bacteria
Deeply BranchingSimilar to earliest bacteriaHot, acidic, anaerobic, lots of UV
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Phototrophic- absorb light
Cyanobacteria- aka blue-green algae Transformed early atmosphere in oxygen
containing (Endosymbiotic Theory)
nitrogen fixation-nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3), because few organisms can use nitrogen
Green & Purple Phototrophic Bacteria- anoxygenic- do not make O2 during
photosynthesis Found in anaerobic muds
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G & C Ratios (% of guanine/cytosine base pairs)Low Positive
1. Clostridia-rod shaped, obligate anaerobes
○ Endospores- survive harsh conditions○ Medicine & industry
C. tetani- tetanus C. botulinum-food poisoning,
botox C. perfringens- gangrene C. difficile-diarrhea Veillonella- tooth plaque
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2. Mycoplasmas- lack cell wallsEx: pneumonia, UTI’s
3. Gram positive bacilli & cocci
a. Bacillus-facultative anaerobes, endospores, flagella, found in soil B. anthracis- anthrax, bioterrorism (reading pg 327)
B. cereus-contaminate rice b/c can’t cook out endospores
b. Listeria- dairy products, reproduces even in fridge, can kill fetus (why pregnant women shouldn’t eat deli) c. Lactobacillus-used to make yogurt, buttermilk, pickles, and sauerkraut, protect digestive tract
d. Streptococcus & Enterococcus- strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, pneumonia, & others e. Staphylococcus aureus- found naturally on skin, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, wound infections
MRSA-methicillin resistant
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High Positive1. Corynebacterium-pleomorphic C. diphtheria- diphtheria – upper respiratory disease, DPT vaccine 2. Mycobacterium-aerobic, slow growing
M. tuberculosis- tuberculosis M. leprae- leprosy 3. Actinomycetes-form filaments so resemble fungi
a. Actinomyces- normally in oral cavity and throat, can spread to abdomen & cause disease
b. Nocardia-degrades pollutants of landfills
c. Streptomyces-recycle nutrients in soil, give “soil” smell-produce antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline
Reading pg 331
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Gram-Negative1. Alphaproteobacteria-aerobes that grow at very low nutrient levels a. Nitrogen fixers- important in ag
Azospirillum-toots of tropical grasses-sugar caneRhizobium- leguminous plants
b. Nitrobacter-convert ammonia into nitrate, more available to plants
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c. Purple nonsulfer bacteria- mud, harvest light but don’t make oxygen
d. Rickettsia- have to live within other cells, typhus & Rocky Mtn spotted fever
e. Ehrlichia- tick borne, causes disease by living in WBC’s f. Acetobacter & Gluconobacter- used to make vinegar g. Caulobacter- found in nutrient poor water, superglue reading pg 335 h. Agrobacterium- infects plants (galls)
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2. Beta proteobacteria-low levels of nutrients
a. Nitrosomonas-nitrifying soils
b. Neisseria-gonorrhea, PID
c. Bordetella-pertussis
d. Burkholderia-moist surfaces/medical equipment
e. Thiobacillus-recycle sulfur, used by miners to leach metals from ore
f. Zooglea- sewage treatment plants, purification
g. Sphaerotilus-sewage treatment plants, impede flow of water
h. Spirillum-rat bite fever
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3. Gammaproteobacteria-
a. Purple sulfur bacteria- found in sulfur rich zones b. Legionella- Legionnaires disease c. Coxiella- Q fever, passed in milk d. Methylococcus- anaerobic, use methane as energy e. Psudomonas-spoilage of refrigerated foods, UTI’s, swimmer’s ear
f. Azomonas & Azotobacter- soil dwelling, nitrogen fixers
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4. Deltaproteobacteriaa. Desulfovibrio-sulfur cycle, corrosion of iron pipes b. Bdellovibrio-attacks other bacteria c. Myxobacteria- soil with decaying plant material or animal dung 5. Epsilonproteobacteriaa. Campylobacter-blood poisoning b. Heliobacter-ulcers
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Others1. Chlamydia- STD, neonatal blindness 2. Spirochaetes
a. Treponema-syphilis
b. Borrelia-Lyme disease 3. Bacteroides
a. Bacteroides-digestive tract, 30% of feces, can cause infection
b. Cytophaga-degrade complex polysaccharides-
damage to wood, important in sewage breakdown