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Cell Communication
Chapter 11
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Common Mechanism
The same set of cell signaling mechanisms show up:1. ___________ ___________2. _______ action
_______ ______ are mediated through a ___ ________ __________ ______ _______ ___________ _______
3. _________ ________ are responsible for _____ ______ ________ &
____________ ________ in allergic rxns
4. ___________ (Onco- means cancer) ______ _________& Oncoproteins
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Cell-to-Cell Communication
Critical for ________ organisms Trillions of cells must ________ __ _______ ___
_________ ______ ________
Recent research indicates: ______ results from _______ ___________
On last year’s AP Exam Also crucial for ____________________ ___________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Recent Nobel Prizes in Medicine
2001 – Hartwell, Hunt, & Nurse – _____ ________ and ____ _____ ________ (yeast)
2002 – Brenner, Sulston, Horvitz – used C. elegans to elucidate the mechanism of __________
2006 – Fire & Mello - used C.elegans to discover the ________ of ___ ___________
2007 – Capecchi, Evans, & Smithies – Hox genes & __________ ___________ ___________
2012 – Gurdon & Yamanaka - ______
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Simon Sez…
Signaling is a lot like the game “Simon Says…”
The signal is received: the game players ____: “Simon says take a step forward”
The signal is transduced: players __________________ _________________________________________
The signal elicits a response: players ____ ________if the command was preceded by “Simon says”
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3 Stages of Signaling
Thesis: external signals are received & converted to responses within the cell
1. Reception Signaling molecule _____________________= Shape Change
2. Transduction _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. Response __________ of _____________ _______________________
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____ form of signaling
Yeast (fungi) mating Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Process:1. ______ mating factor2. ______ complementary
mating factor3. ????4. _______: grow toward
opp. type5. _____ ____ = _______
____________
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Overview of Cell Signaling
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View Animation
11_06 SignalingOverview_A.swf
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Reception
Reception involves __________________________ _______________________
Only ______ ____have the _______ ______= only _________________________________
Signaling molecule usually called ________ ___________ binding causes a __________ change in
the ____________ (remember induced fit?) Conformational change = ______________________
________________________________
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2 Types of Signal Receptors
1. ______ _________ Receptors ___________ or __________ _______ or signal molecules ________________________(GPCR) ____________________ (RTK) ___ _________ Receptors
2. ___________ Receptors
__________ or ________ ligands
____________________________________
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G Protein-Coupled Receptor
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G-Protein Coupled Receptor
Common receptor
Found in ____________________________________ ___________________________________________
Similarity between __________ and ________ evidences early evolution of G protein receptor molecules
Also responsible for ____________________________ _____________________________________________
____________ exert their influence by G protein pathways
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G-Protein
All G Proteins have same basic structure ________ spanning the membrane Loops on either face of the membrane for ________ _____
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G-Protein Pathways
We can explain how (Vibrio cholerae) actually creates its symptoms
Cholera bacteria _________________________________ _______________________________________
This G protein regulates _________ and ____ _________ ____________________________________________ So ____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
________________________________ Amplification?
Patients require _____________________________________ _________________ _________________________________
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
___________
Kinase = enzyme for _______ __ _________ ______
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel
Membrane receptor _____________________ _________________________________________
When the signal molecule binds, __________ ___________________
Important in ____ _________ _______________________ & ________ _________ Could be _________________________
instead of ___________________________
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Intracellular Receptor
__________ signal molecules
Testosterone
Most intracellular receptor signals do ___________________ _______________________
Testosterone behaving as a _____________ _______
-- controls ________________ ________________________
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Questions
1. What are the 3 types of cell signaling?
2. What are the 3 stages of cell signaling?
3. What is the role of the “a” and “α” factors in yeast mating?
4. What happens when the “a” and “α” factors have been exchanged?
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Questions (Page 2)
1. 2 Types of Receptors
2. What are the 3 Types of Membrane receptors?
3. How does G-Protein coupled receptor differ from a Tyrosine kinase receptor?
4. Which receptor is associated with steroid signaling molecules?
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View Animation
11_13SignalTransduction_A.swf
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Transduction
________ Pathway
Transduction = _______ _________
Signal ___________
Signal Transduction Pathways often involve a _____________ _________
Molecule is phosphorylated = ________ Phosphate removed = _____________
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Protein Kinases (PK) -- enzymes that _______ _____________________
Protein Phosphatases (PP) -- enzymes that _______ _____________________
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Protein Kinases
_____________ & ______________ of _______ is the primary mechanism of cellular activity regulation
__ __ ______ content codes for protein kinases
________ _______ ______ leads to cancer
Protein ____________ Enzymes that __________________________ ________________________
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Second Messengers
1st messenger = ________ Only _____ & ___ have 2nd messengers
Other important component of transduction pathways Most components are __________ __ _________
___ ________
______ & _____
________ ____ & ______ ___
Initiate a ____________ ________
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Response
Response may occur in the _________ or __________
2 Types of typical response:1. _________ _______ is regulated (turned on or off)2. _________ __ _______ is regulated (promoted or inhibited)
Transcription Factors – _____________________ _______________________________________________
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Transcription Factors
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Signal Amplification
2 Reasons for multistep pathways:1. ______ _____________2. ________ of Cell Signaling
Signal Amplification _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________
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Signal Specificity
Different cells have different _______ Different _______ ______ Different _____ _______or __________
Allows ________ ____ to have a _________ _______to the same signal
In Liver cells: Epinephrine = glycogen breakdown glucose production
In cardiac muscle: Epinephrine = rapid & enhanced contractions
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Scaffolding Proteins
Definition - ______ _____ proteins that __________________ ________________________
Crucial for __________ _________ ________ ___________ _______ ________ significantly increases efficiency of signal
transfer Scaffolding in ______ _____ hold together _________________
_________________________
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Signal Termination
Just as certain molecules are ________, they too can be _________
Signal molecule leaves the receptor = ____________
_______ ____________ _________ phosphorylated protein kinases
Soon the _____ ____ is returned to its _____ form, and ____ __ __ _______again.
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GF = Growth factor
RTK = Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Ras = G Protein Associated with tumor growth
Rho = G protein
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RTK = Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
GPCR – G-protein coupled receptor
Apoptosis = Programmed cell death
PDK1 = Protein dehydrogenase kinase
Akt = Protein kinase -- Involved in apoptosis
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1. ______
2. ______
3. ______
11. ______
4. ______
5. ______
6. ______
7. ______
8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______