Download - Casting Types
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Manufacturing Process Lectures
2012
Ahver Chaudhary
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Manufacturing Process
Why study this subject?
Company producing products need an optimal ways to compete in todays global marketplace. Knowledge of basic Manufacturing process is essential for Successful engineering in todays market. For that Designer and grafter must have basic knowledge of various processes that produce a part in order to LOWER COST AND REDUCE TIME. Course Objective:
Understand principles of major Manufacturing Processes Learn Standard Processes used to produce products. To select the optimal process for producing products.
Course Outline
Manufacturing Process and its types Casting Molds & its types Heating And Pouring Fluidity Solidification Shrinkage
Expandable MOLD Casting
o Sand Casting o Pattern & cores o Mold making o Shell molding
Expandable Polystyrene Casting Process
o Investing Casting o Permanent Mold Casting o Slush Casting o Die Casting o Hot Chamber and cold chamber Die Casting o Centrifugal force o Casting Quality o Pouring o Cleaning o Product & design Consideration
Bulk deformation Process o Rolling o Rolling Mill
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o Thread Rolling o Gear Rolling o Ring Rolling o Roll Piercing o Forging o Open Die & Impression Die Forging o Forging Dies o Hammers & Process o Upsetting & heading Extrusion & its types o Drawing o Joining Process
Welding o Types
Arc Welding SMAW GMAW GTAW Resistance Welding Spot & steam Welding OXY fuel gas Welding
o Types of Weld joints o Features Of Weld Joints o Weld Quality o Defects o Inspection & testing Welds o Brazing o Soldering o Sheet Metal Working o Cutting Operation o Bending Operation o Processes o Rolling Bending & forming
Mechanical Assembly
o Threaded Fastener o Washer o Rivets o Eyelets o Press Fitting o Shrink & Expansion fit o Snap fits o Retaining Fits o Cotter pins o Shaping process for Plastic Extrusion o Subjection Modeling
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o Compression Molding o Blow Molding o Thermoforming
Books
ME & tech. by KALPAKJAIN SHMID Process & Material Of Manufacturing LINDBERG Material & process in Manuf. DEGRAMO Fundamentals of Modern Manuf. GROOVER Manuf. Process PHILIP F. OSTERALD Design & Tech. by JAMES GARANTT
ENGINEERING
Is a discipline, art, skill, & profession of applying Scientifical, Mathematical, Economic, social & practical Knowledge in order to design & build
Structures Machines Devices Systems
Material & process safely realize improvement to lives of people.
Application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as design, manufacturing and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, process and systems.
Profession of work performed by an engineer.
Technology
Application of science to provide society and its members with those things that are needed or desired. It effects our daily lives directly and indirectly in many eays.
Industry
Refers to production of an economic good(either material or service) with an economy as car industry.
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Factory
Its an individual balding (manufacturing plant) where goods are manufactured, supervised by machine processing and products are formed.
Company Is a form of business organization that have common purpose and focus & usually and have an aim of gaining process.
Stock wanders
Board of directors
President
Purchasing
1.Purchasing 2.Estimating 3.Exenditure
Manufacturing
1.Product Operation 2.Quality Control
3.Industrial Engineering
4.Product Engineering 5.Tooling
Research & development
1.Design engineering 2. Production engineering
3.Prototyping 4.Testing
5.Material Research
Sales & Marketing
1.Sales 2.Customer Services
3.Marketing 4. Advertisment
Finance
1.Accounting 2. Budgeting 3.Planning
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Product Manager is Responsible to check whether the product is suitable or not. He co-relates with all to enhance Quality.
Professional Teams Industries
Competitors Companies Team owners Investors
Coaches Managers
Referees, Umpire Lawyers, judge Communication Co-ordination
Rumbles, injuries Mistakes, Losses
Individual skills Specialized jobs Team Skill people skills
Roduct manager
Sales MArketing
Industrial design
Design engineering
Industrial Engineering
Purchasing
Production
Manufacturing
Engineering
Engineering Design Team
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What do Engineers do? Research Manufacturing Products Design products Manage Departments and Companies
Engineers in Manufacturing
Manufacturing Engineering Select and co-ordinate specific processes & equipment.
Industrial Engineering Responsible for manufacturing system design
Material Engineer Develop and Select Material based on desired material properties and manufacturing process.
Engineering role in design manufacturing
In Sales & Marketing
Sales Engineer Application Engineer Field Service Engineer In Research & development Industrial Engineer Designer Engineer Material Engineer Test Engineer In Manufacturing Industrial Engineer Manufacturing Engineer Quality Control Engineer In Processing and operation Plant Engineer Project Engineer
Manufacturing Processes Manufacturing is derived from 2 Latin words Manus means hand Factus mean make
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Meaning made by hand. The word Manufacture 1st appeared in 1567 and manufacturing in 1683. In modern sense Manufacturing involves making parts from raw materials by means of various processes,
machinery, operation and well-organized plant activity.
Manufacturing The process of converting raw materials into products. It includes, Designing of product Selection of raw material & Sequence of processes through which it will be manufactured. Its a sequence of operation and processes design to create a specific material. Process of converting Material into Products. Making a product by changing the shape, size or composition of material. Manufacturing process alters a materials properties in controlled manners to produce components of products. In Manufacturing there are many ways to make parts, some are better i.e. economical and to be aware of
them we need to have knowledge of MP.
Factors Cost Quantity Quality Equipment Safety Availability
Manufacturing process Includes Designing Engineering Making Servicing
Processes A series of action that leads to goal. Manufacturing involves no. of different types of processing, each of these help move product from an
IDEA to useful item for consumers.
Designing It involves processes that change IDEA IN MIND to IDEAS ON PAPERs.
Engineering Act of specifying products and production systems.
Producing It is a series of processing used to change materials to products.
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Servicing The group of processes used to keep products in working order.
Technologically Mfg. is application of physical and chemical processes to alter the geometry, properties and appearance of
starting material to make products. Manufacturing also includes assembly;
Economically
Mfg. is the transformation of materials into items of greater values, by means of 1 or more processing or assembly operations. Increasing value of materials.
Add-value The material shape or properties are enhanced by combining it with others. Manufacturing is one way by which nation creates material wealth. U.S economy: Sector % of GNP Manufacturing 20% Agriculture, minerals, etc. 5% Construction & utilities 5% Service Sector-retail, transportation, banking, 70% Communication, atom, education and Govt. $
Mfg. importance Technologically Tech. application of science to provide society and its members with those things that are needed. Tech. provides the products and helps our society to live better.
What do these products have in common? They are all manufactured. Manufacturing is essential factor that makes technology better.
Starting Material Manufacturing Processes
Machinery Tooling Power Labor
Processed part
Scrap & waste
Manufacturing processes
Started material Material in Processing Processed part
Value Added $_$
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Historically Throughout the history, human cultures better at making things, were successful. Making better tools, make better crafts and weapons Better crafts let people to live better. Better weapons allowed then to conquer other cultures in conflict.
To a significant degree, history of man-kind is history of humans ability to make things. History of manufacturing can be divided into 2 subjects;
Invention of material Processes & development of systems.
6000 years back, casting, hammering, forging and grinding were introduced. Roman started factories to produce weapons, pottery, glass wares and other products. A system of manufacturing refers to the way of organizing people & equipment so that production can be
performed efficiently. Millions of labors dividing the total work into tasks, & having individual workers each become specialist at
performing the task. Industrial Revolution (1760-1830); change began in England where machines were invented and steam power
replaced winds, water and animal power. European countries developed steam engine, machine tools, power train and factory system. Interchangeable parts; production came to be known as American system of manufacturing.(as we change
tools in Lathe machine). 2nd Industrial Revolution; Mass Production, scientific management, assembly lines & electrification of
industries were introduced. Scientific Management
Motion study Aimed at finding best methods to perform given task. Time study Establish work standard for job. Standards Extensive use of standards in industry. Use of data collection Record keeping and cost accountings in factory operations. Piece rate system Labor incentive plans, accounting on factory operation.
(1863-1947) introduced the assembly lines, made possible the mass production of complex consumer products, as automobiles.
In 1881, the 1st electric power generating station had been built in NY 7 soon electric motors were introduced. The 20th century was time of more technological advancement than all other centuries combined.
Products Product means something that is produced. Word production is interchangeably with the word Manufactured. Manufactured term is used in U.S. while word equipment is used in other countries on production.
Manufacturing Products Discrete Products Individual parts or tolls, having no concern with each other, like gears, bearing balls, Cans, etc.) Low production (1-100 units/year) Medium production (100-10,000 units/year) High/Mass production (over 10,000 units/year)
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Continuous products Items produced by continuous processes as; sheet metal coil (almost), pipes, spool of wire. as
Manufacturing Goods
Consumer goods Products purchased directly by consumer, i-e cars Capital goods Purchased by other companies, to supply services, as Aircrafts, rail, etc.
Classification of Industries Primary Industry Cultivate and exploit natural resources. As, mining and agriculture. Secondary Industries Converts products from primary industries, As, power generation, construction. Tertiary Industries Service-sectors As, banking, education, govt., legal services, retail-trade, etc. MORE INDUSTIAL CLASSIFICATION Process Industries, Chemical, petroleum, basic, food, beverage, power Discrete Industries Cars. Aircraft, Appliances,etc
Some Manufacturing Industries and their ISCI Codes
Name ISCI CODE Food, beverage, Tobacco 31 Textile, Apparel, Leather 32 Wood, wooden products, corks 33 Paper, publish, portray 35 Chemical, Coal, petroleum 36 Ceramics. Glass, Minerals 37 Basic Metals 38
Product design Material selection Manufacturing Marketing
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Lecture # 3
Manufacturing Capability Manufacturing plant consists of processes and systems (& people, of course) designed to transform a certain limited range of material into products of increased value. It has 3 basic building blocks
1. Materials 2. Processes 3. Systems
Manufacturing capability includes,
1. Technological process capability 2. Physical product Limitation 3. Production Capacity
Technological process capability
DEF. Available set of manufacturing processes at plant.
Certain manufacturing processes are suited to certain materials and by specializing in certain processes plant also specializes in certain material.
Besides physical processes it also includes the expertise of plant personnel.
EXAMPLES: Machine shop cant make steel. A steel mill cant build cars.
Production
An activity or group of activities carried out to produce a tangible (real/definite) output in the form of material goods.
TYPES:
1. Batch Production: The need for batch production arises from the fact that the capacity of any machine/group of machines is more than the demand rate of product.
2. Continuous production: When product is in continuous demand in large quantity, demand fluctuation maybe random or seasonal. Flow line production has advantage of rapid adjustment of processes variable or small changes in the product design i.e. Motor cycle parts. It is a method used to manufacture, produce or process materials without interruptions. This process is followed most in Oil & gas Industry & in other industries such as float/glass Industry, where glasses of different thickness are processed in a continuous manner.
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3. Mass Production It is widely used to describe large scale production, It is used for creating products on large scale in short time, using time saving techniques like Assembly line & Specialization. It allows a manufacturer to produce more per work-hour & to lower the labor cost of end process.
Physical Product Limitation
Given a plant with a certain set of process there are size and weight limitation on the parts or products that can be made in plant.
Product size and weight affects:
Production equipment Material Handling Equipment Production material handling equipment and plant size must be planned for products that lie within a certain size and
weight range. Larger heavy parts are moved by crane. Smaller parts can be moved by conveyer belts.
Production Capacity The max. Quantity that a plant can produce in a given time period under assumed operating conditions. Operating conditions refers to number of shifts per week, hours per shift direct labor manning level in
plant and so on, usually measured in output units as tons of steel or no. of cars, etc. produced by plant also called plant capacity.
Production system
Consists of people equipment & procedure designed for combination of materials processes that constitutes a firm & manufacturing materials.
Categories Production facilities:
It refers to physical equipment & arrangement of equipment in factories. Manufacturing Support system:
The procedure used by company to manage production & solve the technical problems encountered in ordering materials.
In general direct labor people (blue collared workers) are responsible for operating manufacturing
equipment & professional staff (white collared worker) is responsible for manufacturing support.
Production Facilities It consists of factory production equipment and material handling equipment. The equipment comes in contact with part and assemblies. It also includes the way Equipment are arranged called Plant layout. The material is arranged into logical grouping called manufacturing systems as, paper industry.
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Low quantity production
In low quantity range is 1-100 units/year., the term job shop is used to describe the type of production facility. JOB SHOP: Make low quantity of specialized & customized products such as space capsule, prototype aircraft & specialized machinery.
Fixed position Layout If product is large and heavy and is difficult to move in single location then worker and equipment are bought near the production place.
Product Layout Individual components are made in factories in which equipment is arranged according to function type. The lathes are in one department and the milling is other, it can accommodate great variety of operation sequence for different part of configuration.
Medium Quantity production Quantity range (100-10K units/Year) units actually. When product variety is hard the usual approach is batch production, after which manufacturing system is changed over to produce next & so on.
High quality Production High ranges (10K to million/ units annually) are referred to as Mass production. It is characterized by high demand rate. Categories: Quality production Flow line Production
Quality Production
Mass production of single part on a single machine or many machines.
Typically involves standard machine with special cooling.
Equipment is dedicated full time to production of one part or production type.
Typically layout used in quantity production is process layout or cellular layout.
Flow line Production
Multiple machines or workstations are arranged into sequence
Product is complex then it requires multiple processing & assembly operations.
Work units are physically moved, through the sequence to complete process.
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Workstations are equipped and designed especially for the product to maximize efficiency.
Manufacturing support system
A company must organize itself to design for processes an equipment, plan and control to satisfy product quality.
Most of their support systems dont directly contact with product. But they plan and control progress throughout the factory.
Manufacturing support functions are often classified as,
Mfg. support system QC system Mfg. process assembly
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Lecture 4
Productivity Measure of efficiency of (a person, machine, factory, system, etc.) converting inputs into useful products.
Productivity is critical determination of cost.
It can also be termed as energy, material, capital, personnel & resources consumed in any period.
Productivity of an organization is defined as the ratio of outputs produced by the organization & resources consumed in the process. It is computed by dividing the average output per period by total costs.
Productivity= output/input Production is total output produced by the organization in given period. There outputs consist of goods and services that are supplied by the company to its customers.
Production refers to volume, value & quantity of goods and services produced by workers, plant, firm or economy. It is sum total of results achieved by various factors together.
Manufacturing Material
Anything made of matter, consist of one or more substances is material. Wood, cement, hydrogen, air are all examples.
Term material refers to substances and compounds with certain physical properties that are used as inputs to production of materials.
In sense materials are parts required to make something else, as building and computers.
Raw material A material can be anything a finished product or un-processed raw material. Raw materials are first extracted/harvested from the earth and are divided into a form that can be easily transported or stored and then processed to produce semi-finished raw material.
These can be input to a new cycle of production & finishing processes to create finished materials, ready for distribution, construction & consumption.
Materials in Manufacturing
Selecting material What make suitable for production. Choose material with applicable properties Aesthetic Properties are important too. It includes color, surface, texture &
pattern.
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Material Selection Recycling Methods of manufacturing on Construction Cost of materials Short & Terms Available Engineering Materials,
Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Composite, glasses, etc.
Properties Mechanical: Strength, Toughness, Ductility, hardness, Elasticity, Fatigue. Physical: Density, Specific heat, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, melting point, electric and magnetic properties. Chemical: Oxidation, Corrosion, Toxicity, flammability, rusting.
Properties Required
Construction & manufacturing
Process
Material Handling &
manufcturing cost
Avaliability of Products
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Mechanical Properties Strength
Measure of how good material is at resisting and being deformed when acted upon by a force. Tensile Strength
Ability of material to with stand pulling force or tension force. Compressive Strength
Ability of material to withstand squeezing force or compressive force. Torsional properties
Ability to withstand twisting force or torsion Stiffness
Property to resist a bending deformation Ductility
Property of material that allows it to be elongated or stretched fairly strong in tension. They always stretch before breaking.
Brittleness Material which fractures due to little force or deformation. They break under tension.
Hardness Measure of materials ability to withstand being stretched, cut or elevated.
Toughness Measure of how much energy is required to break a material.
Fatigue Various components & structures such as tools, gears, discs, are subjected to under cyclic load cause fatigue failure.
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Lecture 5
More Mechanical Properties
Thermal Conductivity it relates to how heat travels or conducted through material.
Thermal Expansion
most metals get expands on heating and contracts on cooling.
Electric Properties Ability to conduct electricity
Magnetic Properties
they can be attracted by magnet or are magnet themselves.
Optical Properties
Reflection Light bounces back off.
Radiation/Absorption
Color of the metal affects the ability to absorb heat, i.e. black absorbs more heat.
Density It is the ratio of mass to volume.
A stupid chart! Seriously cant understand y was it taught! But here it is!
Heat Treament
Property Modifictaion
Behavior of manufacturing properties of Materials
Annealing Alloying Reinforcement Lamination
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Engineering Materials Metals
Ferrous Steel, Stainless Steel, Tools and die made of steel, Cast iron, etc.
Non-ferrous
Aluminum, copper, titanium, tungsten & others
Amorphous Shapeless metals.
Plastics
A plastic is any of a wide range of synthetic/semi-synthetic organic solid used in manufacturing of industrial materials. Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular masses and may contain other substances to performance and/or reduce production cost. MONOMERS of plastics are either natural or synthetic organic compounds. Word Plastic is derived from 2 Greek words: PLASTIKOS - capable of being shaped/Molded PLASTOS molded. This name refers to their Malleability or plasticity during manufacturing. This allows them to be CASTED, PRESSED or EXTRUDED into variety of shapes as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes and much more.
Acrylics- watch glasses ABS PVC Nylons
Thermoplastics
Once Deformed can't be re-shaped Epoxies Phenolics Polyamids
Thermostes
High Elastic Ranges Rubbers Silicos
Elastomers
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Malleability: Material's ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. ICI:
Imperial Chemical Industry; BUISNESS Make Polyesters, Soda-ash, Paints, Chemical manufacturing and sell a wide range of
industrial consumer products.
POLYMER OF ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Ceramics: Oxides, Nitrides, Carbides, Glass, glass ceramics, Graphite/Diamond. Composites: Reinforced Plastics, Metal-matrix, Ceramic-matrix, Laminates.
Explanation and Examples of materials,
METALS Metal is a chemical element that is good conductor of electricity and heat. It forms CATIONS and ANIONS. They form ionic bonds with non-metals. They generally have properties like; Ductility Malleability High electrical and thermal conductivity have BFF, FCC, HCP Opaqueness and Reflectivity Bonding depends upon chemical properties. Categories of metals: Ferrous Mild Steel
Contains 0.1% to 03% Carbon it is used in sheets, strips, round bars, pipes, channels, etc.
Medium Carbon Steel
Contains 0.3% to 07% Carbon (Connecting rods, Keys, Gear Wheels)
High Steel Carbon
0.7% to 1.3% Carbon (twist drills, Cutter blade, Spring and cold chisel)
Stainless Steel Contains iron-chromium alloys and chromium contents between 13-27%.
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(watch back, pens, pipes fitting, cutlery & sink)
Grey Cast Iron Iron 94%, - carbon 3%- silicon 2%, & traces of Magnesium, Sulfur and phosphorus. (Cylinders head, blocks, man-hole covers, & base of pillar drills.)
Non-Ferrous Aluminum
Soft- Ductile- light- has low tensile strength and resists corrosion. Aluminum Alloys
They are made to Impart hardness and strength & to produce other properties They are made by adding Aluminum and Cu-Mg-Cr-S-tin etc. (Drink cans, Door handles, rivets and ladders)
Copper it is 3rd most important pure metal- fairly ductile & moderately strong. Good conductor of electricity and conductor of Heat. (Soldering tips, Car radiators, Decorative ornaments, copper wires, name plates & soldering iron bit.)
Brass Copper-zinc alloy It has good electric conductivity and anti-corrosion properties. (Screws- nuts and bolts- door handles- keys- light fittings and musical instruments.
Other Examples are Magnesium and its Alloys Copper and its Alloys Nickel and its Alloys Titanium and its Alloys Zinc and its Alloys Lead and tin. Alloys: Mixture of 2 or more metals (or with at least one being metal). CERAMICS: A ceramic material is a mixture of inorganic compounds consisting of metals, semi-metals, & one or more non-metals. Word Ceramics comes from KERAMOS which is potters clay or wave made from fired clay. Typical non-metallic elements used in it are; O-N-C, etc. General Properties High Hardness Stiffness Electrically and thermally insulators Brittleness Chemically inert Important Examples are; Silica
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Alumina Hydrous Aluminum silicate (KAOLINITE) Clay
Makes pottery, tiles and Silica(basics of glass material) Clay production produces bricks, clay pipes and building tiles, etc.
Carbides Cutting tools, etc.
Nitrides cutting /grinding tools and Abrasive.
Concrete itself is a composite material but its components are ceramics
Glass bottles, glasses and lens
White wares Molds- pottery- porcelain tableware and stoneware
Glass Fiber Abrasive
Aluminum oxide+ Silicon oxide Magnetic ceramics Bio-ceramics Cutting tools material Refractory Ceramics Highly capable of bearing high temperature- is used in Furnace walls, crucibles and, olds. Abrasive An Abrasive is a material often a mineral that is used to shape of finish a work-piece through rubbing which leads to parts of work-piece worn away. While finishing a material often means polishing it to gain a smooth reflective surface. Abrasive machining is a machine process where material is removed from a work-piece using a multitude of small abrasive particles, common examples include: honing, grinding and polishing. HONING: is a metal working process name. Polishing of Linear (inside surface of piston). Abrasive processes are usually expansive but capable of higher tolerance and better surface finishing than other machining processes. Types of Ceramics
Traditional Ceramics Silica used for clay, common abrasive material and cement are its examples.
New ceramics
Non-silicates such as oxides and carbides. Glass
Based primarily on silica and have own crystalline structure.
Glass Ceramics Glass transformed into largely crystalline structures by heat treatment.
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On bases of processing Types are: Crystalline ceramics
includes traditional and modern ceramics both. Amorphous Ceramics POLYMERS: These are the compounds formed by repeating structures called MERS, whose atoms share electrons to form very large molecules by covalent bond. Elements in Polymers are usually C + H, O, N & Cl. General Properties Low densities High electric resistivity Low thermal conductivity Strength and stiffness vary widely. Categories Thermoplastics Thermosetting Elastomers
Composites: Materials consisting of two or more phases that are processed separately and are the bonded together to achieve properties superior to constituents. PHASES: Homogenous mass of material, such as grains of identical unit cell structure in solid materials. MATRIX: Usual structure consists of particles or fibers of 1 phase mixed in 2nd, called MATRIX. Synthetically we can produce, composite of greater value epoxy, Kevlar composite etc., General Properties Strength to weight ratio
(Ratio of stiffness to weight) Fatigue properties & roughness Corrosion dont occurs Better appearance and control of surface appearance. Properties depends upon: Components Physical shape of components The way components are combined to form final material. Aerospace industry is one of the biggest users of composites. Other uses are car bodies, boat hulls, tennis rackets & carbide tools too.
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Disadvantages: Anisotropic properties (change with direction) Attacked by chemicals and solvents Expensive (but decrease as volume increase) Manufacturing methods are costly. OTHER COMPOSITES Venn diagram showing 3 basic
material type and their composites.
Manufacturing Process It has two types: Processing Operations;
Transforms a work material from one state of completion to a more advanced state. It changes the geometrical properties and appearance of starting material.
Assembly Operations; Just join 2 or more components to form a new entity.
Ceramic polymer Composites
Polymers Ceramics
Metals
Metal-polymer Ceramics Metal ceramic
composite
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Classification of Manufacturing process;
Processing Operations; Alters materials shape, physical properties or appearances in order to add value. Categories Shaping Operations
Alters geometry of starting material. Property enhancing operations
Improves physical properties without changing shape. Surface processing operations
To clean, treat, coat, or deposit material on exterior surface of the work-piece.
Shaping Operations Solidification processes
Starting material is a heated liquid or semi-liquid. Particulate processing
Starting material consists of powder form. Deformation processes
Starting material is a ductile solid (commonly metals) Material removal processes
Starting material is ductile or brittle solid.
Manufacturing processes
Processing Operations
Shaping Process
Solidification Processes
Particulate Processing
Deformation Processes
Material Removal Property Enhancing processes Heat Treatment
Surface processing opertaions
Cleaning and surface treatment
Coating and deposition processes
Assembly Operations
Permanent Joining
processes
Welding
Brzing & Soldering
Adhesive bonding
Mehcanical Fastening
Threaded Fasteners
Permanent Fastening Methods
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Casting, Forging and machining processes are shaping processes. Deform material;
Casting Rolling/ forging Extrusion/ Drawing Metal sheet forming Powder metal processes
Solidification processes Starting material is sufficiently heated to transform it into a liquid or highly plastic state, i.e.,
Metal Casting, Plastics Molding etc.
Particulate processing Starting materials are powder of metals or ceramics. The common techniques involves, Pressing and Sintering (powder into solid)
In which Powder are first squeezed into die cavity under high pressure and then heated to bond the individual particles together.