Manufacturing Process Lectures

2012

Ahver Chaudhary

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Manufacturing Process

Why study this subject?

Company producing products need an optimal ways to compete in todays global marketplace. Knowledge of basic Manufacturing process is essential for Successful engineering in todays market. For that Designer and grafter must have basic knowledge of various processes that produce a part in order to LOWER COST AND REDUCE TIME. Course Objective:

Understand principles of major Manufacturing Processes Learn Standard Processes used to produce products. To select the optimal process for producing products.

Course Outline

Manufacturing Process and its types Casting Molds & its types Heating And Pouring Fluidity Solidification Shrinkage

Expandable MOLD Casting

o Sand Casting o Pattern & cores o Mold making o Shell molding

Expandable Polystyrene Casting Process

o Investing Casting o Permanent Mold Casting o Slush Casting o Die Casting o Hot Chamber and cold chamber Die Casting o Centrifugal force o Casting Quality o Pouring o Cleaning o Product & design Consideration

Bulk deformation Process o Rolling o Rolling Mill

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o Thread Rolling o Gear Rolling o Ring Rolling o Roll Piercing o Forging o Open Die & Impression Die Forging o Forging Dies o Hammers & Process o Upsetting & heading Extrusion & its types o Drawing o Joining Process

Welding o Types

Arc Welding SMAW GMAW GTAW Resistance Welding Spot & steam Welding OXY fuel gas Welding

o Types of Weld joints o Features Of Weld Joints o Weld Quality o Defects o Inspection & testing Welds o Brazing o Soldering o Sheet Metal Working o Cutting Operation o Bending Operation o Processes o Rolling Bending & forming

Mechanical Assembly

o Threaded Fastener o Washer o Rivets o Eyelets o Press Fitting o Shrink & Expansion fit o Snap fits o Retaining Fits o Cotter pins o Shaping process for Plastic Extrusion o Subjection Modeling

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o Compression Molding o Blow Molding o Thermoforming

Books

ME & tech. by KALPAKJAIN SHMID Process & Material Of Manufacturing LINDBERG Material & process in Manuf. DEGRAMO Fundamentals of Modern Manuf. GROOVER Manuf. Process PHILIP F. OSTERALD Design & Tech. by JAMES GARANTT

ENGINEERING

Is a discipline, art, skill, & profession of applying Scientifical, Mathematical, Economic, social & practical Knowledge in order to design & build

Structures Machines Devices Systems

Material & process safely realize improvement to lives of people.

Application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as design, manufacturing and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, process and systems.

Profession of work performed by an engineer.

Technology

Application of science to provide society and its members with those things that are needed or desired. It effects our daily lives directly and indirectly in many eays.

Industry

Refers to production of an economic good(either material or service) with an economy as car industry.

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Factory

Its an individual balding (manufacturing plant) where goods are manufactured, supervised by machine processing and products are formed.

Company Is a form of business organization that have common purpose and focus & usually and have an aim of gaining process.

Stock wanders

Board of directors

President

Purchasing

1.Purchasing 2.Estimating 3.Exenditure

Manufacturing

1.Product Operation 2.Quality Control

3.Industrial Engineering

4.Product Engineering 5.Tooling

Research & development

1.Design engineering 2. Production engineering

3.Prototyping 4.Testing

5.Material Research

Sales & Marketing

1.Sales 2.Customer Services

3.Marketing 4. Advertisment

Finance

1.Accounting 2. Budgeting 3.Planning

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Product Manager is Responsible to check whether the product is suitable or not. He co-relates with all to enhance Quality.

Professional Teams Industries

Competitors Companies Team owners Investors

Coaches Managers

Referees, Umpire Lawyers, judge Communication Co-ordination

Rumbles, injuries Mistakes, Losses

Individual skills Specialized jobs Team Skill people skills

Roduct manager

Sales MArketing

Industrial design

Design engineering

Industrial Engineering

Purchasing

Production

Manufacturing

Engineering

Engineering Design Team

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What do Engineers do? Research Manufacturing Products Design products Manage Departments and Companies

Engineers in Manufacturing

Manufacturing Engineering Select and co-ordinate specific processes & equipment.

Industrial Engineering Responsible for manufacturing system design

Material Engineer Develop and Select Material based on desired material properties and manufacturing process.

Engineering role in design manufacturing

In Sales & Marketing

Sales Engineer Application Engineer Field Service Engineer In Research & development Industrial Engineer Designer Engineer Material Engineer Test Engineer In Manufacturing Industrial Engineer Manufacturing Engineer Quality Control Engineer In Processing and operation Plant Engineer Project Engineer

Manufacturing Processes Manufacturing is derived from 2 Latin words Manus means hand Factus mean make

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Meaning made by hand. The word Manufacture 1st appeared in 1567 and manufacturing in 1683. In modern sense Manufacturing involves making parts from raw materials by means of various processes,

machinery, operation and well-organized plant activity.

Manufacturing The process of converting raw materials into products. It includes, Designing of product Selection of raw material & Sequence of processes through which it will be manufactured. Its a sequence of operation and processes design to create a specific material. Process of converting Material into Products. Making a product by changing the shape, size or composition of material. Manufacturing process alters a materials properties in controlled manners to produce components of products. In Manufacturing there are many ways to make parts, some are better i.e. economical and to be aware of

them we need to have knowledge of MP.

Factors Cost Quantity Quality Equipment Safety Availability

Manufacturing process Includes Designing Engineering Making Servicing

Processes A series of action that leads to goal. Manufacturing involves no. of different types of processing, each of these help move product from an

IDEA to useful item for consumers.

Designing It involves processes that change IDEA IN MIND to IDEAS ON PAPERs.

Engineering Act of specifying products and production systems.

Producing It is a series of processing used to change materials to products.

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Servicing The group of processes used to keep products in working order.

Technologically Mfg. is application of physical and chemical processes to alter the geometry, properties and appearance of

starting material to make products. Manufacturing also includes assembly;

Economically

Mfg. is the transformation of materials into items of greater values, by means of 1 or more processing or assembly operations. Increasing value of materials.

Add-value The material shape or properties are enhanced by combining it with others. Manufacturing is one way by which nation creates material wealth. U.S economy: Sector % of GNP Manufacturing 20% Agriculture, minerals, etc. 5% Construction & utilities 5% Service Sector-retail, transportation, banking, 70% Communication, atom, education and Govt. $

Mfg. importance Technologically Tech. application of science to provide society and its members with those things that are needed. Tech. provides the products and helps our society to live better.

What do these products have in common? They are all manufactured. Manufacturing is essential factor that makes technology better.

Starting Material Manufacturing Processes

Machinery Tooling Power Labor

Processed part

Scrap & waste

Manufacturing processes

Started material Material in Processing Processed part

Value Added $_$

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Historically Throughout the history, human cultures better at making things, were successful. Making better tools, make better crafts and weapons Better crafts let people to live better. Better weapons allowed then to conquer other cultures in conflict.

To a significant degree, history of man-kind is history of humans ability to make things. History of manufacturing can be divided into 2 subjects;

Invention of material Processes & development of systems.

6000 years back, casting, hammering, forging and grinding were introduced. Roman started factories to produce weapons, pottery, glass wares and other products. A system of manufacturing refers to the way of organizing people & equipment so that production can be

performed efficiently. Millions of labors dividing the total work into tasks, & having individual workers each become specialist at

performing the task. Industrial Revolution (1760-1830); change began in England where machines were invented and steam power

replaced winds, water and animal power. European countries developed steam engine, machine tools, power train and factory system. Interchangeable parts; production came to be known as American system of manufacturing.(as we change

tools in Lathe machine). 2nd Industrial Revolution; Mass Production, scientific management, assembly lines & electrification of

industries were introduced. Scientific Management

Motion study Aimed at finding best methods to perform given task. Time study Establish work standard for job. Standards Extensive use of standards in industry. Use of data collection Record keeping and cost accountings in factory operations. Piece rate system Labor incentive plans, accounting on factory operation.

(1863-1947) introduced the assembly lines, made possible the mass production of complex consumer products, as automobiles.

In 1881, the 1st electric power generating station had been built in NY 7 soon electric motors were introduced. The 20th century was time of more technological advancement than all other centuries combined.

Products Product means something that is produced. Word production is interchangeably with the word Manufactured. Manufactured term is used in U.S. while word equipment is used in other countries on production.

Manufacturing Products Discrete Products Individual parts or tolls, having no concern with each other, like gears, bearing balls, Cans, etc.) Low production (1-100 units/year) Medium production (100-10,000 units/year) High/Mass production (over 10,000 units/year)

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Continuous products Items produced by continuous processes as; sheet metal coil (almost), pipes, spool of wire. as

Manufacturing Goods

Consumer goods Products purchased directly by consumer, i-e cars Capital goods Purchased by other companies, to supply services, as Aircrafts, rail, etc.

Classification of Industries Primary Industry Cultivate and exploit natural resources. As, mining and agriculture. Secondary Industries Converts products from primary industries, As, power generation, construction. Tertiary Industries Service-sectors As, banking, education, govt., legal services, retail-trade, etc. MORE INDUSTIAL CLASSIFICATION Process Industries, Chemical, petroleum, basic, food, beverage, power Discrete Industries Cars. Aircraft, Appliances,etc

Some Manufacturing Industries and their ISCI Codes

Name ISCI CODE Food, beverage, Tobacco 31 Textile, Apparel, Leather 32 Wood, wooden products, corks 33 Paper, publish, portray 35 Chemical, Coal, petroleum 36 Ceramics. Glass, Minerals 37 Basic Metals 38

Product design Material selection Manufacturing Marketing

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Lecture # 3

Manufacturing Capability Manufacturing plant consists of processes and systems (& people, of course) designed to transform a certain limited range of material into products of increased value. It has 3 basic building blocks

1. Materials 2. Processes 3. Systems

Manufacturing capability includes,

1. Technological process capability 2. Physical product Limitation 3. Production Capacity

Technological process capability

DEF. Available set of manufacturing processes at plant.

Certain manufacturing processes are suited to certain materials and by specializing in certain processes plant also specializes in certain material.

Besides physical processes it also includes the expertise of plant personnel.

EXAMPLES: Machine shop cant make steel. A steel mill cant build cars.

Production

An activity or group of activities carried out to produce a tangible (real/definite) output in the form of material goods.

TYPES:

1. Batch Production: The need for batch production arises from the fact that the capacity of any machine/group of machines is more than the demand rate of product.

2. Continuous production: When product is in continuous demand in large quantity, demand fluctuation maybe random or seasonal. Flow line production has advantage of rapid adjustment of processes variable or small changes in the product design i.e. Motor cycle parts. It is a method used to manufacture, produce or process materials without interruptions. This process is followed most in Oil & gas Industry & in other industries such as float/glass Industry, where glasses of different thickness are processed in a continuous manner.

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3. Mass Production It is widely used to describe large scale production, It is used for creating products on large scale in short time, using time saving techniques like Assembly line & Specialization. It allows a manufacturer to produce more per work-hour & to lower the labor cost of end process.

Physical Product Limitation

Given a plant with a certain set of process there are size and weight limitation on the parts or products that can be made in plant.

Product size and weight affects:

Production equipment Material Handling Equipment Production material handling equipment and plant size must be planned for products that lie within a certain size and

weight range. Larger heavy parts are moved by crane. Smaller parts can be moved by conveyer belts.

Production Capacity The max. Quantity that a plant can produce in a given time period under assumed operating conditions. Operating conditions refers to number of shifts per week, hours per shift direct labor manning level in

plant and so on, usually measured in output units as tons of steel or no. of cars, etc. produced by plant also called plant capacity.

Production system

Consists of people equipment & procedure designed for combination of materials processes that constitutes a firm & manufacturing materials.

Categories Production facilities:

It refers to physical equipment & arrangement of equipment in factories. Manufacturing Support system:

The procedure used by company to manage production & solve the technical problems encountered in ordering materials.

In general direct labor people (blue collared workers) are responsible for operating manufacturing

equipment & professional staff (white collared worker) is responsible for manufacturing support.

Production Facilities It consists of factory production equipment and material handling equipment. The equipment comes in contact with part and assemblies. It also includes the way Equipment are arranged called Plant layout. The material is arranged into logical grouping called manufacturing systems as, paper industry.

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Low quantity production

In low quantity range is 1-100 units/year., the term job shop is used to describe the type of production facility. JOB SHOP: Make low quantity of specialized & customized products such as space capsule, prototype aircraft & specialized machinery.

Fixed position Layout If product is large and heavy and is difficult to move in single location then worker and equipment are bought near the production place.

Product Layout Individual components are made in factories in which equipment is arranged according to function type. The lathes are in one department and the milling is other, it can accommodate great variety of operation sequence for different part of configuration.

Medium Quantity production Quantity range (100-10K units/Year) units actually. When product variety is hard the usual approach is batch production, after which manufacturing system is changed over to produce next & so on.

High quality Production High ranges (10K to million/ units annually) are referred to as Mass production. It is characterized by high demand rate. Categories: Quality production Flow line Production

Quality Production

Mass production of single part on a single machine or many machines.

Typically involves standard machine with special cooling.

Equipment is dedicated full time to production of one part or production type.

Typically layout used in quantity production is process layout or cellular layout.

Flow line Production

Multiple machines or workstations are arranged into sequence

Product is complex then it requires multiple processing & assembly operations.

Work units are physically moved, through the sequence to complete process.

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Workstations are equipped and designed especially for the product to maximize efficiency.

Manufacturing support system

A company must organize itself to design for processes an equipment, plan and control to satisfy product quality.

Most of their support systems dont directly contact with product. But they plan and control progress throughout the factory.

Manufacturing support functions are often classified as,

Mfg. support system QC system Mfg. process assembly

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Lecture 4

Productivity Measure of efficiency of (a person, machine, factory, system, etc.) converting inputs into useful products.

Productivity is critical determination of cost.

It can also be termed as energy, material, capital, personnel & resources consumed in any period.

Productivity of an organization is defined as the ratio of outputs produced by the organization & resources consumed in the process. It is computed by dividing the average output per period by total costs.

Productivity= output/input Production is total output produced by the organization in given period. There outputs consist of goods and services that are supplied by the company to its customers.

Production refers to volume, value & quantity of goods and services produced by workers, plant, firm or economy. It is sum total of results achieved by various factors together.

Manufacturing Material

Anything made of matter, consist of one or more substances is material. Wood, cement, hydrogen, air are all examples.

Term material refers to substances and compounds with certain physical properties that are used as inputs to production of materials.

In sense materials are parts required to make something else, as building and computers.

Raw material A material can be anything a finished product or un-processed raw material. Raw materials are first extracted/harvested from the earth and are divided into a form that can be easily transported or stored and then processed to produce semi-finished raw material.

These can be input to a new cycle of production & finishing processes to create finished materials, ready for distribution, construction & consumption.

Materials in Manufacturing

Selecting material What make suitable for production. Choose material with applicable properties Aesthetic Properties are important too. It includes color, surface, texture &

pattern.

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Material Selection Recycling Methods of manufacturing on Construction Cost of materials Short & Terms Available Engineering Materials,

Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Composite, glasses, etc.

Properties Mechanical: Strength, Toughness, Ductility, hardness, Elasticity, Fatigue. Physical: Density, Specific heat, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, melting point, electric and magnetic properties. Chemical: Oxidation, Corrosion, Toxicity, flammability, rusting.

Properties Required

Construction & manufacturing

Process

Material Handling &

manufcturing cost

Avaliability of Products

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Mechanical Properties Strength

Measure of how good material is at resisting and being deformed when acted upon by a force. Tensile Strength

Ability of material to with stand pulling force or tension force. Compressive Strength

Ability of material to withstand squeezing force or compressive force. Torsional properties

Ability to withstand twisting force or torsion Stiffness

Property to resist a bending deformation Ductility

Property of material that allows it to be elongated or stretched fairly strong in tension. They always stretch before breaking.

Brittleness Material which fractures due to little force or deformation. They break under tension.

Hardness Measure of materials ability to withstand being stretched, cut or elevated.

Toughness Measure of how much energy is required to break a material.

Fatigue Various components & structures such as tools, gears, discs, are subjected to under cyclic load cause fatigue failure.

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Lecture 5

More Mechanical Properties

Thermal Conductivity it relates to how heat travels or conducted through material.

Thermal Expansion

most metals get expands on heating and contracts on cooling.

Electric Properties Ability to conduct electricity

Magnetic Properties

they can be attracted by magnet or are magnet themselves.

Optical Properties

Reflection Light bounces back off.

Radiation/Absorption

Color of the metal affects the ability to absorb heat, i.e. black absorbs more heat.

Density It is the ratio of mass to volume.

A stupid chart! Seriously cant understand y was it taught! But here it is!

Heat Treament

Property Modifictaion

Behavior of manufacturing properties of Materials

Annealing Alloying Reinforcement Lamination

Engineering Materials Metals

Ferrous Steel, Stainless Steel, Tools and die made of steel, Cast iron, etc.

Non-ferrous

Aluminum, copper, titanium, tungsten & others

Amorphous Shapeless metals.

Plastics

A plastic is any of a wide range of synthetic/semi-synthetic organic solid used in manufacturing of industrial materials. Plastics are typically polymers of high molecular masses and may contain other substances to performance and/or reduce production cost. MONOMERS of plastics are either natural or synthetic organic compounds. Word Plastic is derived from 2 Greek words: PLASTIKOS - capable of being shaped/Molded PLASTOS molded. This name refers to their Malleability or plasticity during manufacturing. This allows them to be CASTED, PRESSED or EXTRUDED into variety of shapes as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes and much more.

Acrylics- watch glasses ABS PVC Nylons

Thermoplastics

Once Deformed can't be re-shaped Epoxies Phenolics Polyamids

Thermostes

High Elastic Ranges Rubbers Silicos

Elastomers

Malleability: Material's ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. ICI:

Imperial Chemical Industry; BUISNESS Make Polyesters, Soda-ash, Paints, Chemical manufacturing and sell a wide range of

industrial consumer products.

POLYMER OF ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Ceramics: Oxides, Nitrides, Carbides, Glass, glass ceramics, Graphite/Diamond. Composites: Reinforced Plastics, Metal-matrix, Ceramic-matrix, Laminates.

Explanation and Examples of materials,

METALS Metal is a chemical element that is good conductor of electricity and heat. It forms CATIONS and ANIONS. They form ionic bonds with non-metals. They generally have properties like; Ductility Malleability High electrical and thermal conductivity have BFF, FCC, HCP Opaqueness and Reflectivity Bonding depends upon chemical properties. Categories of metals: Ferrous Mild Steel

Contains 0.1% to 03% Carbon it is used in sheets, strips, round bars, pipes, channels, etc.

Medium Carbon Steel

Contains 0.3% to 07% Carbon (Connecting rods, Keys, Gear Wheels)

High Steel Carbon

0.7% to 1.3% Carbon (twist drills, Cutter blade, Spring and cold chisel)

Stainless Steel Contains iron-chromium alloys and chromium contents between 13-27%.

(watch back, pens, pipes fitting, cutlery & sink)

Grey Cast Iron Iron 94%, - carbon 3%- silicon 2%, & traces of Magnesium, Sulfur and phosphorus. (Cylinders head, blocks, man-hole covers, & base of pillar drills.)

Non-Ferrous Aluminum

Soft- Ductile- light- has low tensile strength and resists corrosion. Aluminum Alloys

They are made to Impart hardness and strength & to produce other properties They are made by adding Aluminum and Cu-Mg-Cr-S-tin etc. (Drink cans, Door handles, rivets and ladders)

Copper it is 3rd most important pure metal- fairly ductile & moderately strong. Good conductor of electricity and conductor of Heat. (Soldering tips, Car radiators, Decorative ornaments, copper wires, name plates & soldering iron bit.)

Brass Copper-zinc alloy It has good electric conductivity and anti-corrosion properties. (Screws- nuts and bolts- door handles- keys- light fittings and musical instruments.

Other Examples are Magnesium and its Alloys Copper and its Alloys Nickel and its Alloys Titanium and its Alloys Zinc and its Alloys Lead and tin. Alloys: Mixture of 2 or more metals (or with at least one being metal). CERAMICS: A ceramic material is a mixture of inorganic compounds consisting of metals, semi-metals, & one or more non-metals. Word Ceramics comes from KERAMOS which is potters clay or wave made from fired clay. Typical non-metallic elements used in it are; O-N-C, etc. General Properties High Hardness Stiffness Electrically and thermally insulators Brittleness Chemically inert Important Examples are; Silica

Alumina Hydrous Aluminum silicate (KAOLINITE) Clay

Makes pottery, tiles and Silica(basics of glass material) Clay production produces bricks, clay pipes and building tiles, etc.

Carbides Cutting tools, etc.

Nitrides cutting /grinding tools and Abrasive.

Concrete itself is a composite material but its components are ceramics

Glass bottles, glasses and lens

White wares Molds- pottery- porcelain tableware and stoneware

Glass Fiber Abrasive

Aluminum oxide+ Silicon oxide Magnetic ceramics Bio-ceramics Cutting tools material Refractory Ceramics Highly capable of bearing high temperature- is used in Furnace walls, crucibles and, olds. Abrasive An Abrasive is a material often a mineral that is used to shape of finish a work-piece through rubbing which leads to parts of work-piece worn away. While finishing a material often means polishing it to gain a smooth reflective surface. Abrasive machining is a machine process where material is removed from a work-piece using a multitude of small abrasive particles, common examples include: honing, grinding and polishing. HONING: is a metal working process name. Polishing of Linear (inside surface of piston). Abrasive processes are usually expansive but capable of higher tolerance and better surface finishing than other machining processes. Types of Ceramics

Traditional Ceramics Silica used for clay, common abrasive material and cement are its examples.

New ceramics

Non-silicates such as oxides and carbides. Glass

Based primarily on silica and have own crystalline structure.

Glass Ceramics Glass transformed into largely crystalline structures by heat treatment.

On bases of processing Types are: Crystalline ceramics

includes traditional and modern ceramics both. Amorphous Ceramics POLYMERS: These are the compounds formed by repeating structures called MERS, whose atoms share electrons to form very large molecules by covalent bond. Elements in Polymers are usually C + H, O, N & Cl. General Properties Low densities High electric resistivity Low thermal conductivity Strength and stiffness vary widely. Categories Thermoplastics Thermosetting Elastomers

Composites: Materials consisting of two or more phases that are processed separately and are the bonded together to achieve properties superior to constituents. PHASES: Homogenous mass of material, such as grains of identical unit cell structure in solid materials. MATRIX: Usual structure consists of particles or fibers of 1 phase mixed in 2nd, called MATRIX. Synthetically we can produce, composite of greater value epoxy, Kevlar composite etc., General Properties Strength to weight ratio

(Ratio of stiffness to weight) Fatigue properties & roughness Corrosion dont occurs Better appearance and control of surface appearance. Properties depends upon: Components Physical shape of components The way components are combined to form final material. Aerospace industry is one of the biggest users of composites. Other uses are car bodies, boat hulls, tennis rackets & carbide tools too.

Disadvantages: Anisotropic properties (change with direction) Attacked by chemicals and solvents Expensive (but decrease as volume increase) Manufacturing methods are costly. OTHER COMPOSITES Venn diagram showing 3 basic

material type and their composites.

Manufacturing Process It has two types: Processing Operations;

Transforms a work material from one state of completion to a more advanced state. It changes the geometrical properties and appearance of starting material.

Assembly Operations; Just join 2 or more components to form a new entity.

Ceramic polymer Composites

Polymers Ceramics

Metals

Metal-polymer Ceramics Metal ceramic

composite

Classification of Manufacturing process;

Processing Operations; Alters materials shape, physical properties or appearances in order to add value. Categories Shaping Operations

Alters geometry of starting material. Property enhancing operations

Improves physical properties without changing shape. Surface processing operations

To clean, treat, coat, or deposit material on exterior surface of the work-piece.

Shaping Operations Solidification processes

Starting material is a heated liquid or semi-liquid. Particulate processing

Starting material consists of powder form. Deformation processes

Starting material is a ductile solid (commonly metals) Material removal processes

Starting material is ductile or brittle solid.

Manufacturing processes

Processing Operations

Shaping Process

Solidification Processes

Particulate Processing

Deformation Processes

Material Removal Property Enhancing processes Heat Treatment

Surface processing opertaions

Cleaning and surface treatment

Coating and deposition processes

Assembly Operations

Permanent Joining

processes

Welding

Brzing & Soldering

Adhesive bonding

Mehcanical Fastening

Threaded Fasteners

Permanent Fastening Methods

Casting, Forging and machining processes are shaping processes. Deform material;

Casting Rolling/ forging Extrusion/ Drawing Metal sheet forming Powder metal processes

Solidification processes Starting material is sufficiently heated to transform it into a liquid or highly plastic state, i.e.,

Metal Casting, Plastics Molding etc.

Particulate processing Starting materials are powder of metals or ceramics. The common techniques involves, Pressing and Sintering (powder into solid)

In which Powder are first squeezed into die cavity under high pressure and then heated to bond the individual particles together.