Download - Cable Sweep
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
1/52
Slide 1
Portable Cable-Sweeping andSpectrum Analysis for
Defense/Aerospace ApplicationsMarch 9th 2004
Aart Konynenberg, Marketing ManagerSireesha Mallipeddi, Product Marketing
Engineer
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
2/52
Slide 2
Agenda
Introduction
Frequency spectrum
Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks
FDR Technology
Site Master
Transmitter/Receiver failure modes
Spectrum Master
Applications
Training & Technical support Q&A
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
3/52
Slide 3
Frequency Spectrum-Radar & ECM
BandsSite Master products frequency rangeSpectrum Master products frequency range
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
4/52
Slide 4
Aircraft Electromagnetic spectrumSite Master products frequency range
Site Master products frequency range
Spectrum Master products frequency range
Spectrum Master products frequency range
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
5/52
Slide 5
Transmission line system failures Introduction
Frequency spectrum
Transmission line system failure
modes Cable/antenna system checks
FDR Technology
Site Master
Transmitter/Receiver failure modes
Spectrum Master
Applications
Training & Technical support Q&A
Cable problems
Connector problemsAntenna problems
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
6/52
Slide 6
Cable Problems
Installation problems- Poor grounding
- Excessive bends
- Crimping, Crushing and Deforming
Routine Maintenance- Damaged/Dented Ground Shield
- Kinks in the cable
- Broken center conductor Weather
- Excessive Moisture like snow, rain
- Sea water
- Corrosion
Battle damage- Cable discontinuity- Bullet holes in the cable
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
7/52
Slide 7
Connector problems
Mis-installation- Poor center pin contact- Low quality connectors
- Poor weather proofing- Loose connectors
Weather- Water ingress
- Corroded connectors- Extreme temperatures planelanding/cruising
Battle damage- Broken connectors
- Vibration caused by weapon firing
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
8/52
Slide 8
Antenna Problems
Mis-installation- Shipping damage
- Out of Specification
Routine Maintenance- Storm damage
- Extreme temperatures
Battle damage- Bullet holes- Vibration caused by weapon firing
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
9/52
Slide 9
Cable/antenna system checks
Introduction
Frequency spectrum
Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks
FDR Technology
Site Master
Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master
Applications
Training & Technical support Q&A
Cable/antennaproblems
SWR
Return LossCable LossDistance-to-fault
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
10/52
Slide 10
Cable/Antenna problems
Excessive Reflections
- Poor impedance matching results in signal reflections
Measure VSWR and Return Loss
Reflection
mismatch
Reflection
mismatch
Reflection
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
11/52
Slide 11
VSWR Measurement The ratio of maximum to minimum is VSWR
Signal Voltage
From Source = Vi
Reflected
Signal Voltage = Vr
ImpedanceNot Matched,Not 50 Ohms
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
12/52
Slide 12
Return Loss Measurement
Ratio of reflected signal to the incident signal
Signal PowerFrom Source = Pi
Reflected Poweris Proportional toImpedance Mismatch
ImpedanceNot Matched,
Not 50 Ohms
Reflection Coefficient = = Pr / Pi
Pi
Pr
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
13/52
Slide 13
Cable/Antenna problems
Excessive Insertion loss
- RF energy lost as heat and energy as the signal passes throughthe transmission line
Measure Cable Loss
Insertion Loss
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
14/52
Slide 14
Cable Loss Measurement
Cable loss measures the insertion loss in thecable and antenna system
- cable loss is automaticallycalculated and displayed
- Can be displayedin dB/ft or dB/meter
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Cable Loss1
Model: S332D Serial #: 00350066Date: 02/27/2004 Time: 11:28:19 Avg.CableLoss: 1.266dBResolution: 259 CAL:ON(COAX) CW: OFF
dB
Frequency (25.0 - 4000.0 MHz)
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
15/52
Slide 15
FDR Technology
Introduction
Frequency spectrum
Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks
FDR Technology
Site Master
Transmitter/Receiver failure modes
Spectrum Master
Applications
Training & Technical support Q&A
FDR
TDR
TDR vs FDRFDR Advantages
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
16/52
Slide 16
Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR)
FDR is a transmission line fault isolation techniquewhich precisely identifies signal path degradation fortransmission lines
FDR Measurement Theory
- Sends a swept frequency input to the transmission
line/antenna- An inverse FFT is performed on the reflected signals
transforming the information into the time domain
- Then distance is calculated from this information knowing
the cable velocity
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
17/52
Slide 17
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
Traditional Technique
- Uses DC pulses- Cannot detect small performance changes in the RF
frequencies
- Can detect only opens or shorts in the conductors
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
18/52
Slide 18
DC Pulse versus Frequency Sweep
SourcesSpectral
Density
f1 f2
FDR
TDR
Less than 2% ofTDR source energyis in the RF bands
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0
Limit : -30.0
M1 M2
Distance-to-faultKINK
Model: S331D Serial #: 00350066 Prop.Vel:0.880Date: 02/20/2004 Time: 10:54:50 Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ftResolution: 517 CAL:ON(COAX) CW: OFF
dB
Distance (0.0 - 25.0 Feet)
M1: -27.58 dB @ 14.24 ft M2: -50.75 dB @ 23.01 ft
TDR FDR Anritsu S331D
TDR vs FDR
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
19/52
Slide 19
Distance-To-Fault
Uses Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR)and inverse Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT)
Measures return lossof the cabling systemversus distance
- Precise location of potential
sources of failure are easilyidentified
- Repair persons can go right tothe point of failure without having
to guess where it is or whatcomponent caused the problem
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
Limit : -27.0
M1
Distance-to-faultOPEN
Model: MT8212A Serial #: 00000007 Prop.Vel:0.880
Date: 02/10/2004 Time: 17:29:51 Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ftResolution: 259 FlexCAL:ON(COAX) CW: OFF
dB
Distance (0.0 - 20.0 Feet)
M1: -2.76 dB @ 15.89 Feet
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
20/52
Slide 20
TDR vs FDR - Loose connector
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
Limit : -30.0
FAULT1
FAULT2
M1 M2 M3
Distance-to-faultFAULT1
Model: S331D Serial #: 00350066 Prop.Vel:0.880Date: 02/17/2004 Time: 12:25:27 Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ftResolution: 517 CAL:ON(COAX) CW: OFF
dB
Distance (0.0 - 20.0 Feet)
M1: -38 .49 dB @ .08 f t M2: -46 .02 dB @ 8 .53 f t M3 : -44 .44 dB @ 17.21 f t
TDR TDR- Loose Connector
FDR Anritsu S331D
Blue-
Loose connector
Green
DTF measurement
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
21/52
Slide 21
Moisture at the center connector
Green-
Original
Blue Fault at connection
Red
Moisture at center
connection
TDR- Load at the end
Short
FDR Anritsu S331D
Moisture at the center connectorFault at the center connection
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
Limit : -30.0
CC1
CC2
CC3
M1 M2 M3
Distance-to-faultCC1
Model: S331D Serial #: 00350066 Prop.Vel:0.880Date: 02/17/2004 Time: 14:12:02 Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ftResolution: 517 CAL:ON(COAX) CW: OFF
dB
Distance (0.0 - 20.0 Feet)
M1: -39.17 dB @ .08 ft M2: -46.74 dB @ 8.57 ft M3: -41.11 dB @ 17.21 ft
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
22/52
Slide 22
Moisture at the end connector
Blue
Connector fault
Green
End connectordipped in water
Red
Moisture at end
connector
FDR Anritsu S331D
TDR- End connector fault End connector dipped in water Moisture at end connector
Short Short
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
Limit : -30.0
EC1
EC2
EC3
M1 M2 M3
Distance-to-faultEC1
Model: S331D Serial #: 00350066 Prop.Vel:0.880Date: 02/17/2004 Time: 14:26:25 Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ftResolution: 517 CAL:ON(COAX) CW: OFF
dB
Distance (0.0 - 20.0 Feet)
M1: -3 9.17 d B @ .0 8 f t M2: -4 5.51 dB @ 8.57 ft M3: -3 9.58 d B @ 17.21 ft
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
23/52
Slide 23
Kink in the cable
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0
Limit : -30.0
M1 M2
Distance-to-faultKINK
Model: S331D Serial #: 00350066 Prop.Vel:0.880Date: 02/20/2004 Time: 10:54:50 Ins.Loss:0.030dB/ftResolution: 517 CAL:ON(COAX) CW: OFF
dB
Distance (0.0 - 25.0 Feet)
M1: -27.58 dB @ 14.24 ft M2: -50.75 dB @ 23.01 ft
FDR Anritsu S331D TDR
Kink
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
24/52
Slide 24
FDR Advantages
FDR can locate small performance changes atRF frequencies
Can locate RF faults, not just open or short inthe transmission line
Can measure in the presence of RF interferencefrom near by transmitters
Eliminates Fix after Failure problem
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
25/52
Slide 25
Site Master
Introduction
Frequency spectrum
Transmission line system failure modes Cable/antenna system checks
FDR Technology
Site Master
Transmitter/Receiver failure modes
Spectrum Master
Applications
Training & Technical support Q&A
Products & Features
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
26/52
Slide 26
Site Master Product Structure
Site MasterProduct Structure
RF Site Master Wave Site Master
One-PortOne-Port
w/ Internal SPA CapabilityTwo-Port
Tower Mounted AmplifierOne-Port
S113C
2 MHz 1600 MHz
S114C2 MHz 1600MHz
100 kHz 1600 MHz
S251C
625 MHz 2500 MHz
S331D25 MHz 4000 MHz
S332D25 MHz 4000 MHz100 kHz 3000 MHz
S810C
3.3 10.5 GHz
S820C3.3 20 GHz
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
27/52
Slide 27
Site Master Key Features
Seven different models to cover2 MHz to 20 GHz frequency range.
Superior Distance To Fault measurementbased on FDR technology to locate faults
Automatically calculates the cable loss
Allows accurate and repeatable measurementsin noisy RF environment
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
28/52
Slide 28
Transmitter/Receiver Failure Modes
Introduction
Frequency spectrum
Transmission line system failure modes
Cable/antenna system checks
FDR Technology
Site Master
Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master
Applications
Training & Technical support Q&A
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
29/52
Slide 29
Transmitter & Receiver Problems
Transmitter deployment and maintenance
- Insufficient output power
- Frequency error
- Modulation spectra out of band
Receiver deployment and maintenance
- In band spurious
- Out of band spurious
- Frequency error
- Interference
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
30/52
Slide 30
Interference
Jamming signals
Strong friendly signalsfrom surroundingtransmitters
Inter-modulation
products
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
31/52
Slide 31
Interference Intermodulation
Inter-modulation in a receiver input or in nearbyenvironmental diodes can create interfering signals.
Two in-band signals mix together.
3rd order inter-modulation products are the most
troublesome
With frequencies X and Y
- 2Y-X and 2X-Y can easily fall within your receivers pass-band
- Can cause interference that may be continuous or intermittent
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
32/52
Slide 32
Systems Live in a Complicated
RF Environment Many, many signals throughout the RF and low
microwave spectrum.
-100
-95
-90
-85
-80
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-0.00 249.94 499.89 749.84 999.78 1249.72 1499.67 1749.61 1999.56 2249.50 2499.45
Ref Level :
-50.0 dBm
dB / Div :
5.0 dB
Anritsu MS2711D Spectrum MasterSilicon Valley Spectrum
Model: MS2711D Serial #: 1397701056Model: MS2711D Serial #: 1397701056Date: 10/07/2003 Time: 10:09:31RBW: 1 MHz VBW: 300 kHz Detection: Pos. Peak CF: 1250.27 MHz SPAN: 2499.46 MHz Attenuation: 1 dB
dB
m
Frequency (0.54 - 2500.0 MHz)
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
33/52
Slide 33
Carrier to Interference Ratio
Application -- Determining the magnitude
of interference
This is a two-stepmeasurement:- First, the carrier power is
measured- Then, with the transmitter
turned off, the remainingsignals are measured
Automatically calculatesthe ratio of the values
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
34/52
Slide 34
Channel Power
Application -
- Validate transmitterperformance to comply with
specifications
Select the applicablesignal standard &
channel Automatically measures
Total Power in thespecified channel
bandwidth
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
35/52
Slide 35
Adjacent Channel Power
Application -- Determine if your own
transmitter is causing
interference Select the applicable
signal standard &channel
Adjacent channels areautomatically set
Automatically measuresPower in the main andadjacent channels This particular signal is clean
Note: Non-linearity in the output can cause spectral regrowth
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
36/52
Slide 36
Spectrum Master
Introduction
Frequency spectrum
Transmission line system failure modes
Cable/antenna system checks
FDR Technology
Site Master
Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master
Applications
Training & Technical support Q&A
Products & Features
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
37/52
Slide 37
Spectrum Master (100kHz 3GHz)
Key features
-135 dBm noise floor
+ 43 dBm maximum safe inputpower
Built-in AM/FM/SSBDemodulator
One Button measurements
- Field Strength, Channel power,Adjacent channel power ratio,Occupied bandwidth, Interference
Analysis, Carrier-To-Interferenceratio
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
38/52
Slide 38
Transmission Measurement
Key features
Optional in MS2711D and S332D
Measure gain or loss oftwo port devices like:
- filters, cables,attenuators
and amplifiers
Built-in 25 MHz to 3 GHzsignal source
Dynamic range 80 dB
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1760 1815 1870 1925 1980 2035 2090 2145 2200 2255 2310
Ref Level :
0.0 dBm
dB / Div :
10.0 dB
M1 M2M3
Spectrum AnalyzerFILTER
Model: S332D Serial #: 03296303Date: 10/09/2003 Time: 14:33:14RBW: 1 MHz VBW: 300 kHz Detection: Sampling ModeCF: 2025.0 MHz SPAN: 550.00 MHz Attenuation: 30 dB
dBm
Frequency (1750.0 - 2300.0 MHz)
M1: -99.09 dBm @ 1891.625 MHzM2: -81.50 dBm @ 2111.625 MHzM3: -1.04 dBm @ 1957.625 MHz
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
39/52
Slide 39
Frequency Extension
Key features
Optional in MS2711D and S332D
Extend frequency range- External module
- Powered by main instrument
Frequency Range 4.7 to 6 GHz
Dynamic range 80 dB
Sensitivity 100 dBm
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
40/52
Slide 40
Applications
Introduction
Frequency spectrum
Transmission line system failure modes
Cable/antenna system checks
FDR Technology
Site Master
Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master
Applications
Training & Technical support Q&A
Spectrum Master
Site Master
S
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
41/52
Slide 41
Spectrum Master - Application
MVSAT Application
MVSAT (Mobile Very Small
Aperture Terminal) is used togather information in war zones
MS2711D with Bias Tee is usedduring MVSAT setup for satellite
acquisition MS2711D is used for
troubleshooting during poorsignal transmission
Si M US A A li i
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
42/52
Slide 42
Site Master - US Army Application
SINCGARS radio system
Army vehicles usesSINCGARS radio
communication system,which has two antennasystems in every vehicle
If there is a problem whole
antenna system will bereplaced
After using Site Master40% of antenna system
replacements were cut back
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
43/52
Slide 43
Site Master Air Force Application
F16 Fighter plane
Cables are analyzedusing S331C. Some
cables are up to 50 ftlong which run from tailto line replace unitreceiver in the cockpit.
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
44/52
Slide 44
Site Master Coast Guard Application
Coast Guard Fleet
S331D and S820Cused to sweep cables
and waveguides of theships
Sit M t A A li ti
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
45/52
Slide 45
Site Master - Aerospace Application
Joint Strike Fighter program
It is important to find exactfault location to cut
composite skin to get to thefault
Without exact fault location itwill be at least 4 days to fix
the problem Prime Contractor uses:Two Site Masters, S331Cand S820C in one transitcase for cable and
waveguide analysis
Sit M t A A li ti
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
46/52
Slide 46
Site Master - Aerospace Application
SWIFT 64 INMARSAT
C-40B airplane is a 737 BBJ, whichsupported the CENTCOM commander,General Abizaid, during Iraq war
The airplane had been experiencingintermittent communications over theSWIFT 64 INMARSAT system
Used Anritsu S332D to measure:- return loss in SWIFT 64 INMARSAT RF cable
system between the antenna and the terminal- made DTF measurements and cable loss
measurements.
Testing with S332D verified that RF pathswere OK, so the terminal was replaced
Since then the airplane has flown missionswithout any noted problems
Site Master Aerospace Application
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
47/52
Slide 47
Site Master - Aerospace Application
AWACS
Airborne Warning and ControlSystem (AWACS)
AWACS is distinguished by theaddition of a large, rotatingrotodome containing its radarantenna and identification friend-or-foe (IFF) and data-link fighter-control (TADIL-C) antennas
S331B, S251C and S820A areused to test the antennas andcables
Site Master Aerospace Application
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
48/52
Slide 48
Site Master - Aerospace Application
Prime Contractor AircraftCompany
Company builds wingsand tails for militaryand commercial planes
They sweep all cables of
the manufactured wingsand tails
Training & Technical Support
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
49/52
Slide 49
Training & Technical Support
Introduction
Frequency spectrum
Transmission line system failure modes
Cable/antenna system checks
FDR Technology
Site Master
Transmitter/Receiver failure modes Spectrum Master
Applications
Training & Technical support
Q&A
Training & Technical Support
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
50/52
Slide 50
Training & Technical Support
Certified Line SweepTraining
www.us.anritsu.com/training
Site Master UsersGroup (SMIU)
www.us.anritsu.com/smiu Technical support
- Anritsu Call Center
1-800-267-4878
Additional Information
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
51/52
Slide 51
Additional Information
For more information aboutSite Master and SpectrumMaster please visit our
website athttp://www.us.anritsu.com/
Upcoming industry events
featuring the Anritsu MasterSolutions
CeBit March 18th 24th 2004
CTIA - March 22nd 24th 2004
IWCE March 24th 26th 2004
-
7/29/2019 Cable Sweep
52/52
Slide 52
Do you have more questions for us?Please E-mail: [email protected]
To find your local distributor call:1(800) Anritsu (278-4878)
or go to www.us.anritsu.com
To purchase Anritsu products on GSAcontract please contact www.testmart.com orwww.navicpmart.com
Thanks for your attendance !