Download - Building the electron economy
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Building theElectron Economy
Robert Cormia
Foothill College
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Energy Solutions => 2030
• GHG emissions– Climate change
• Energy security• Sustainability =>
‘Energy Equity’
We have less than 20 years to address and solve these problems
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Overview
• Three problems – one solution – 20 years
• GHG limits, climate risk, 80:20 reduction
• Energy independence => fossil fuel dependence, hunter gatherer model
• Energy equity – new energy model
• Systemic change - subsystems approach
• New electricity model (DG/IG) – transform energy system from inside out
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Energy Issues
• GHG emissions => 450 ppm– Lower GHGs 80% in 20 years
• Energy security, economics, environmental, geopolitics– Dependence vs. independence– Hunter gatherer model is broken
• Systemic energy principles– Clean generation, smart distribution,
efficient end-use => systemic change
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Vostok Ice Core Data•A near perfect correlation between CO2, temperature, and sea level•For every one ppm CO2, sea level rises 1 meter, temp rises .05 C (global)•Process takes 100 years to add 1 ppm CO2, and reach thermal equilibrium
This is not just a correlation, this is a complex and dynamic process, with multiple inputs. A biogeochemical thermostat. Touching one input affects all other inputs, and increases in temperature becomes a further feedback and multiplier of these inputs.
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Earth Out of Balance
http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20050428/
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Accelerating Change
• Heat storms• Droughts• Storm intensity• Fires / duration• Ice quakes
• Methane release• Sea ice extent• pH of the ocean• Pest migration• Sea level rise
Ecosystem degradation, loss of biodiversity, failure of ecosystem services
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80:20/2050 Stretch Goal
• By 2035, reduce GHGs by 80%– Reduce petroleum by 75%– Eliminate the use of coal– Add significant renewables
• By 2050, one ton CO2 per capita
– Re-innovate nuclear power– Electrify transportation, HVAC– Carbon capture / GHG sequestration
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Vision the Electron Economy
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A Subsystems Approach
• Renewable energy• Distribution systems• Smart energy / AMI• Energy efficiency• LEED / green building
• Electric vehicles• Alternative fuels• Batteries / fuel cells• Urban planning• GHG sequestration
Smart energy Smart cities
Smart citizens
Smart policy
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EE 5-6 Key Subsystems
• Renewable energy
• Transportation
• Building efficiency
• Storage and conversion
• Smart energy / microgrid
• GHG Sequestration*
GHG Sequestration is employed to reduce the ‘energy imbalance’ in the atmosphere
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Systemic Energy Principles
• Energy value chain• ‘Smart energy system stack’
– Clean generation– Smart distribution– Efficient end-use
• Electricity value chain– Right sourcing energy – Clean energy circuits
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Energy Systems Model
Central Power Systems
Large-scale Renewables
Distributed Resources
Smart Energy Systems
Advanced Transportation
Building Energy Efficiency
1
3
5
4
2
6
Natural gas & nuclear
de-centralizedlow-carbon
EV/PHEVDR/AMI/EMS
EMS/
DM
S/G
IS
integration integration
Macrogrid
Microgrid
Nanogrid
Clean generation
Smart distribution
Efficient end use
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Holarchy Systems Model
Nanogrid
Microgrid
Macrogrid
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Renewable Energy
100 GW Utility Scale Solar
200 GW Utility Scale Wind
Offset Afternoon LoadsProduce 150B kWh
Offset Coal GenerationProduce 540B kWh
100 GW Utility Hydro Electric
Base Load ElectricityProduce 240B kWh
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Every parking space can have solar PV generating clean electricity
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Concentrating Sun Power
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Building a Solar Economy
• Solar power is a primary, not alternative energy
• 25% of electricity could be generated by solar in 2025
• Solar brings true energy independence from carbon
• It requires a commitment, not just an investment of $s
• Research in newer thin film technology shows promise Our Solar Power Future – The US Photovoltaics Industry
Roadmap Through 2030 and beyond – published in 2005
http://www.solarelectricpower.org/
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Wind Power – Real Power
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Eliminate Coal
• Coal is 50% of electricity today
• Responsible for 40% US GHG emissions
• Responsible for 80% electricity emissions
• Replace coal with natural gas and wind– Natural gas has 50% lower GHGs– Wind can provide significant energy
• Invest in modernized nuclear power– Thorium, Pebble Bed Modular Reactors
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GHG Emissions by Source
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Carbon Intensity of Energy
An ideal mixture of primary energy for electricity requires significant renewables
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2030 Electricity Makeup
• 100 GW nuclear 8.76 x 10^11 kWh• 200 GW natural gas 1.75 x 10^12 kWh• 100 GW solar 1.50 x 10^11 kWh• 200 GW wind 5.84 x 10^11 kWh• 100 GW hydro 2.50 x 10^11 kWh• Total system production ~3.6 x 10^12 kWh
Final mix of US electrical energy would be the same as California today:~50% natural gas, ~25% nuclear, ~25% renewable (solar, wind, and hydro)
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Transportation
Decrease ‘gasoline’demand 50% to 200 mgd
Blend 50% of ‘gasoline’with advanced biofuels
Increase CAFE from 20 to 50 mpg
Increase ‘biofuels’from 35 to 100 mgd
A combination of efficiency and blending out petroleum reduces GHG emissions
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Reduce Petroleum
• Cut petrol two-thirds by 2030
• It’s a 12 step program!
• We made a bad decision
• And we need a new vision– A world not built around petrol– A world not built around carbon
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Accelerating Costs
Has anyone burned a $5 bill lately? Of course not – who would burn money?
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Petroleum Reduction• Efficiency (20 mpg to 50 mpg)
– Reduce liquid fuels from 400 to < 200 mgd)
• Advanced biofuels (not food based)– Yeast, algae, cellulosic ethanol, etc
• Blend biofuel with petrol/bitumen 50:50– High carbon fuel @ 1.25 carbon units– Low carbon fuel @ 0.25 carbon units
• Hydrocarbon reduction 370 to ~100 mgd– 200 mgd of ‘biofuel blend’ (0.75 carbon units)
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Petroleum Reduction Graphic
• Begin at 20 mpg, 3 x 10^12 VMT 400 mgd
• ~ 35 mgd of corn ethanol
• At 50 mpg CAFE, transpo fuel < 200 mgd
• Petroleum reduced from 370 to <100 mgd
• Biofuels increased from ~40 to ~ 80 mgd
• GHGs =>1.5 x 10^9 tons => 6 x 10^8 tons
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Biosynthetic Fuels
• Biofuels not agrifuels
• GMO
• Yeast
• Algae
• Lipids
• Biosynthetic diesel
Amyris Biotechnology http://www.amyris.com/
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Live Without Petroleum?
• Americans drive 8 billion miles a day
• Full EVs use ~0.3 KwHr per mile– We’d need 2.5 billion KwHrs a day for EV
• We use ~10 B KwHrs electricity / day– What if we saved 25% (bldg efficiency)?– We’d have 2.5 billion KwHrs a day for EV
• Move to EV and not burn more carbon?– Yes, but it takes a really big commitment!
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PHEV Advantages
Google.org study of PHEV efficiencyhttp://www.google.org/recharge/
Halfway to an all electric vehicle – Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
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A Real Electric Vehicle
http://www.teslamotors.com/
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Too Many Cars!
Los Angeles, California in 2030
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High Speed High Speed Up to 150 mphUp to 150 mph
Scalable Networks Scalable Networks Local, Regional, National ServiceLocal, Regional, National Service
Low Maintenance Low Maintenance Uses maglev instead of wheelsUses maglev instead of wheels
Under 1000 lbs. Under 1000 lbs. Uses aerodynamic vehiclesUses aerodynamic vehicles
Energy Efficient Energy Efficient Up to 500 mpg (50 W-hr / mile)Up to 500 mpg (50 W-hr / mile)
Zero CarbonZero Carbon Solar and/or Wind PoweredSolar and/or Wind Powered
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Move Differently
• SolarSegway™• Range ~8 - 12 miles• Battery packs can be
charged locally (~5 hrs)• Emission free vehicle
– Solar panels ‘extra’
• Projected cost of $2,500 in quantity
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Efficient Buildings
High Efficiency(25% less energy)
Building IntegratedPhotovoltaic (BIPV)
EMS/BMS/DEMSSmart Energy
Decrease total electricity by ~15% => 500B kWh
Produce ~10 to 15% building energy onsite
Integrate smart energy (DR) into energy mgmt
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Sustainability Base
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Storage and Conversion
Provide local on demand energy for RE integration
Affordable PHEV/BEV
Provide onsite / local electrical cogeneration
Develop 10 to 50 GWUtility Scale Storage
High Efficiency (66%) Fuel Cells(cogeneration)
Battery specific energy 250 wH/kg $100 to $250 / kWh
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Storage and Conversion
• Strive for 50 to 60% conversion efficiency for natural gas fuel cells and gas turbines
• Flex natural gas turbines support RE
• $0.20 kWh for utility scale energy storage
• Increase mobile battery storage technology– Weak link in electric vehicle adoption– Specific energy and cost reduction targets– Target 500 wH per kg at $125 per kWh
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Bloom EnergyThe Bloom Box is the latest energy miracle that sounds too good to be true: Debuting with a wide-eyed segment on 60 Minutes, it promises to be clean, cheap and backyard-friendly, the solution to our energy problems. What is it? The heart of the box is a fuel cell. Though Bloom Energy's CEO K.R. Sridhar—a former NASA scientist—says it's a new kind of fuel cell. And though it's cleaner than any combustion engine out there, it still relies on fossil fuels and biofuels—not just hydrogen, like some other kinds of fuel cells do. Nevertheless, the folks at Bloom are doing something that could help make reduced emissions a reality for big businesses first, and then later, for homes.
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http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/02/bloom-fuel-cell/
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Catching the Wind
Vanadium high capacity flow cellsDistributed ‘Electron Liquidity’
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EnerVault
Flow Cell Batteries for Utility Scale Storage
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Battery Technology
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Smart Energy / Platform
Smart Energy Application Platform
Electric Vehicle Charging Network
Renewable Energy (Wind and Solar)
Building Energy Management (DEMS)
High performance storage / conversion
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Smart Energy System Stack
Clean generation
Smart distribution
Efficient end use
Flow of Energy
Flow of Information
Electrical Generation
Electrical Use
SYS-STEMic Energy principles described in Foothill College NSF-ATE Energy Program proposal October 2010
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Three Utility Challenges
• RPS goals– 33% PV– Distributed generation
• Electric Vehicles– Load management– Infrastructure development
• Integrate new electrical technology– Internet, smart meter (AMI), smart grid– DC technology (buildings as nanogrids)
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Getting Smart about Smart Energy
• Smart energy: – Defined– Paradigm– Benefits– Opportunities– IEEE consortium
http://www.sensorsmag.com/sensors/ Designing-Smart-Energy-Devices/
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Smart Energy Defined
• Integrating key technologies– Power grid / distribution– Power generation (RE)– Power systems & AMI– Transportation systems– Telecommunications (HAN)– Information Technology (IT)
• A Smart Grid transforms the way power is delivered, consumed and accounted for. Adding intelligence throughout the newly networked grid increases reliability and power quality; improves responsiveness; increases efficiency; handles current and future demand; potentially reduces costs for the provider and consumer; and provides the communication platform for new applications (The Smart Grid in 2010 – Green Tech Media Research)
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IntelliGrid™ - Smart Grid
http://intelligrid.epri.com/
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e- Application Platform
Dis
trib
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Gen
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DG
/RE
Smar
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Man
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Activ
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istr
ibuti
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Build
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as
Nan
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s
Elec
tric
Veh
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Infr
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Smart Energy Logic Layer - AMI
Active Distribution Power Systems Layer
Util
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ener
ation
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Smart Energy Solutions
• Powerline networking - upgrade network technology without affecting power systems
• Build AMI/DA into the same system• Integrate metering/analytics into smart
panels, giving buildings ‘active diagnostics’• Build small scale microgrids with nanogrid
communication and active distribution• Develop use cases for smart energy circuits
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A New Energy Economy
• $1 - 2 trillion in solar and wind energy• $1 trillion in a new power grid• $2.5 trillion in fuel saving cars
– $1 trillion in new electric motor and battery technology for cars and other appliances
• Smart energy for the electron economy – a melding of the Internet and ‘the grid’
• This is a once in a lifetime opportunity!
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Problems/Challenges
• Developing and deploying a new power system while an existing one is in place
• ‘grafting’ internet technology into power systems isn’t a complete architectural model
• Job of replacing the current distribution grid is not insignificant – it took 50 years to build it
• ICT / technology is evolving at a much faster rate than power systems technology
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Synergies and Why• Energy storage – EVs and RE integration
• Adv. Biofuels – blend with petroleum
• Smart energy systems – grid stability
• High efficiency buildings and EMS/BMS – energy reduction and load management
• Gas turbines – flex to integrate RE
• Fuel cell – local natural gas electricity– Local energy ‘firming’ for RE integration
• Smart Energy – connecting all the pieces
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An Apollo Program?
• 2035 => 25 year vision
• Connecting the dots
• Mission and a purpose
• Milestones and timeline
• We can do this in 20 years! http://apolloalliance.org/
Energy Equity – 5 million jobs
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Where to Learn More• DOE smart grid -http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid.htm
• Global Smart Energy - http://www.globalsmartenergy.com/
• Apollo Alliance - http://www.apolloalliance.org/
• PG&E Pacific Energy Center- http://www.pge.com/pec/
• Our Solar Power Future – http://www.sandia.gov/pv/docs/PDF/PV_Road_Map.pdf
• Wind Energy Report – AIWA http://www.awea.org/
• EPRI IntelliGrid - http://intelligrid.epri.com/
• Worldwatch Institute - http://www.worldwatch.org/