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Bell Ringer: Based on what you already know about the
influences of Geography on people and the development of civilizations, be prepared to discuss how the following geographic features influence civilizations: Rivers Fertile Land Mountains
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Classical GreeceChapter 5
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Culturesof the
Mountains and the SeaSection 1
p. 111-114
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Geography Shapes Greek Life Greece is mountainous
peninsula in the Mediterranean
1400 Islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas
The Greeks had also annexed islands off the west coast of Anatolia
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Rugged mountains prevented unity
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The Sea The Greeks rarely traveled
more than 85 miles from the coastline
Important trade routes were the Aegean, Ionian, and Black Seas
Sea travel and trade were important because Greece lacked natural resources
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The Greek World
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The Land 3/4th of Greece is covered with mountains
This made unification of Greece difficult
Greece developed small, independent communities (city-states)
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The Land Uneven terrain made land travel difficult
Sparta was only 60 miles from Olympia, but travel there took seven days.
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The Land Only 20 % of the land was arable – suitable
for farming Without large-scale agriculture, Greece was
never able to support a large population.
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The Land The Greek diet was based on staple crops
like grains, grapes, and olives The desire for more living space and land
for grazing animals led the Greeks to seek sites for colonies
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The Climate Temperatures ranges from 48º in the winter
to 80º in the summer The climate supported an outdoor life for
the Greeks Men spent time at outdoor public events
and met to discuss politics, news and civic life
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Exit Ticket Write a paragraph (at least 5 Sentences)
answering the following question:
How did the geographic characteristics of Greece influence that civilization?
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Mycenaean Civilization Develops They were a group of Indo-European
migrants They settled on the Greek mainland around
2000 BC Their name came from their leading city,
Mycenae
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Mycenae Built on a steep rocky ridge 20 ft thick fortified walls Mycenaean warrior-kings controlled the
area from towns like Tiryns and Athens 1600-1200 BC
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Culture and Trade While their nobles led a life of splendor,
most people worked as farmers. Others were weavers, goat herders, or stonemasons
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Invasion of Crete Mycenaean warrior-kings invaded Crete Minoan culture had thrived there for over
600 years Mycenaeans preserved some elements of
Minoan culture They adapted the Minoan writing system to
the Greek language
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Mycenaean Vases with Minoan Designs
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Greek Culture Minoan legends formed the core of Greek
religious practice, art, politics, and literature Western civilization has roots in early
Greek civilizations
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The Trojan War Fought between Mycenaeans (Greeks) and
Trojans Lasted ten years
Legend says the war started because a Trojan name Paris had kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king
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The Judgment of Paris
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"Beware of Greeks bearing gifts"
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Heinrich Schliemann German archaeologist Northwestern Turkey 1870 Found the remains of a nine
layers of city life One of the layers suggested that
the stories of the Trojan war may have been based on real cities, people, and events
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Golden Mask of Agamemnon (?)
Found at Mycenae by Heinrich Schliemann in 1873
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Manfred Korfmann German historian Found a cemetery near the
site of ancient Troy He believed the war was
fought over control of a crucial waterway in the Aegean Sea
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Issue: Control of trade routes
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Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians
Mycenae collapsed after the Trojan War Sea raiders attacked and burned Mycenae
around 1200 BC
The Dorians moved into the war-torn countryside
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The Dorians Less advanced than the Mycenaean
Greeks The economy collapsed Trade came to a standstill
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The “Dark Age” of Ancient Greece Greeks appear to have lost the art of writing
during the Dorian Age 400 year period with no written records 1150 BC to 750 BC
Without written records, little is known about this period of decline
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Epics of Homer Stories passed down by oral
tradition Blind storyteller
The Iliad – about the Trojan War The Odyssey – about the return
home of Odysseus after the war
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The Iliad Greek hero - Achilles Trojan hero – Hector
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Aretē The Greek ideal of virtue and excellence Could be displayed on the battlefield or in
athletic events
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The Odyssey Odysseus uses his wits and trickery to
defeat the Trojans
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Penelope Weaves a Tapestry
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Greeks Create Myths Traditional stories about their gods Used to explain the mysteries of nature and
the power of human passions
Greek gods display human qualities
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Greek Gods They are jealous, they love and hate They are immortal
Chief god = Zeus Hera, his wife is often jealous of his
relationships with other women Athena (goddess of wisdom) = daughter
and favorite child of Zeus
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Olympus in winter
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Zeus In Greek mythology Zeus
is the "Father of Gods and men", who ruled the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father ruled the family; he was the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology.
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Athens Athena was thought to be the guardian of
cities Athens was built in her honor
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Photo of Athens
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Warring City-StatesSection 2
p. 115-119
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Rule and Order in Greek City-States
The polis was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece
Most city-states controlled between 50 and 500 square miles of land
Often fewer than 20,000 residents
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The Agora
The Agora is the public center of a city-state
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The Acropolis The highest point in elevation in a Greek
city-state Male citizens gathered at the agora or the
acropolis to conduct business
Acro = High Polis = City
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The Acropolis at Athens
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The Agora at Athens
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Greek Political Structures Some city states had a monarchy, rule by
a king, queen, or royal family
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Greek Political Structures Some had an aristocracy, rule by a a small
group of land-owning wealthy families
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Greek Political Structures Later, newly wealthy merchants who were
dissatisfied with aristocracy formed a new type of government – oligarchy, rule by a few powerful people
The idea of representative government began to take shape
The Greeks looked down on foreigners, who they considered barbarians
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A New Kind of Army Emerges During the Dorian Age only the rich could
afford expensive bronze weapons and shields
Iron is harder and more common than bronze
Iron weapons are cheaper
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A New Kind of Army Emerges Iron weapons make a new kind of army
possible Regular citizens were expected to defend
the polis Foot soldiers were called hoplites Their fighting formation was called the
phalanx
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The Phalanx Became the most powerful fighting force in
the ancient world
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Phalanx photo
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Tyrants Seize Power Powerful individuals called tyrants gained
control of the government by appealing to the poor and discontented
Different competing groups led to many turnovers in control of the government in many city-states
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Sparta Builds a Military State Sparta is isolated in the southern part of
Greece Unlike other Greek city-states, Sparta built
a military government
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Sparta Dominates Messenians Sparta conquered Messenia around 725
BC The Messenians became helots, peasants
forced to stay on the land they worked Each year the Spartans demanded half of
the helots yearly crop
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Helots Revolt Around 600 BC the Messenians revolted Messenians outnumbered the Spartans
eight to one The Spartans were barely able to put down
the revolt Spartans then dedicated themselves to
creating a stronger city-state
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Sparta’s Government and Society Two groups governed Sparta
An Assembly – all free adult males They elected officials and voted on major issues
A Council of Elders Proposed laws on which the assembly voted
Five elected Ephors carried out the laws passes by the Assembly
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Sparta’s Military Leaders Two kings ruled over Sparta’s military
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Sparta’s Diverse Population The ruling families who owned land were
descended from the original inhabitants of the region
Free noncitizens worked in commerce and industry
Helots were considered higher than slaves
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Spartan Education Military training for men began at age
seven Boys left home and moved into barracks Wearing no shoes, they trained and
marched during the day They slept on hard benches at night Coarse black porridge at mealtime
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Spartan photo
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Spartan Education for Girls No military training They ran, wrestled, and played sports Trained to put love for Sparta over that of family They managed family estates while men served in
the polis They could not vote, but had more rights than
women in other Greek city-states (Athenian women were expected to stay out of sight and
raise children)
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Athens Builds a Democracy Athens was north of Sparta In outlook and values, Athens contrasted
sharply with Sparta
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Athens and Sparta
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Political Developments in Athens Athenians avoided the power struggles
between rich and poor by starting a democracy
Democracy = Rule by the people Citizens participated in decision making
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Democracy in Athens Only free adult males counted as citizens
and were allowed to vote Women, slaves, foreigners living in Athens
were not considered citizens and had few rights
Slaves made up 1/3rd of the population of Athens
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Chart comparing Athenian democracy to American
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Political Changes Clashes between aristocrats and common
people led to changes in Athens A failed attempt to establish a tyranny led to
the formation of a law code In 621 BC Draco wrote the first Greek legal
code It addressed debt slavery, in which poor
farmers worked as slaves to pay debts
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Draco
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Draconian [drey-koh-nee-uh n, druh-] –adjective 1. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Draco or his
code of laws. 2. ( often lowercase ) rigorous; unusually severe or
cruel: Draconian forms of punishment.
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Solon’s Political andEconomic Reforms
Solon was chosen by aristocrats to lead the government
Solon outlawed debt slavery Allowed all citizens to participate and
debate in the Assembly Any citizen could bring charges against
wrongdoers
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Solon
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Solon’s Political and Economic Reforms
Trade was encouraged Olives and grapes were exported in a
profitable trade
Solon neglected land reforms By the end of his reign, fighting erupted
between landowners and the poor
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Pisistratus Seized power in 546 BC after the death of
Solon He became one of Athens first tyrants He appealed to the poor by giving them
funds for farm equipment He gave jobs to the poor and earned their
support
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Reforms of Cleisthenes Reorganized the Assembly to break up the
power of the nobility Allowed all citizens to submit laws for
debate Created the Council of Five Hundred
They were chosen by lot and proposed laws Only 1/5th of Athenians were actual citizens
who could vote
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The Persian Wars Danger of revolt led to creation of a military
state in Sparta Danger of a revolution led to democracy in
Athens Danger of invasion by Persians led to
cooperation between Athens and Sparta
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The Persian Wars Began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia
where Greeks had established colonies Persians conquered the area in 520 BC Athens sent ships to aid the Ionian Greeks
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Darius King of Persia Vowed to destroy Athens in revenge for
supporting Ionia
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Battle of Marathon 490 BC Persian fleet carried 25,000 men across the
Aegean and landed at Marathon 10,000 Athenians waited in phalanx
formation The Greeks charged and defeated the
Persians 6400 Persians and 192 Athenians were
killed
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Pheidippides Although the Greeks won the battle, Athens
was standing defenseless A runner was sent from the battle sight to
take message back to Athens to not give up the city without a fight
Pheidippides ran the distance, delivered the message, then collapsed and died
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Modern Marathons The distance of modern marathons is
based on the distance between Athens and Marathon
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Thermopylae and Salamis 480 BC Xerxes – son of Darius tried to crush
Greece Greeks were divided about what to do Some want to unite, others want to
abandon the Athenians
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Thermopylae A narrow mountain pass 7000 Greeks including 300 Spartans blocked the
Persian army The outnumbered Greeks fought for three days
before a traitor told the Persians about a secret path around the cliffs
The Spartans held the pass while other Greeks retreated
All 300 Spartan soldiers were killed
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Meanwhile, Back in Athens… Citizens debate on how to best defend the
city Themistocles convinces then to evacuate
the city and fight at sea The Greek fleet is positioned in a narrow
channel at Salamis Xerxes sets fire to Athens but cannot block
the channel at Salamis
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Greek Victory at Salamis Greek ships use battering rams into the
hulls of Persian ships Xerxes watches as 1/3rd of his fleet is sunk
The remainder of the Persian army is defeated by Spartans at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC
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Consequences of the Persian Wars Threat of Persian takeover ended Greeks form an alliance of 140 city-states
called the Delian League The Delian League drove Persians from
areas around Greece
Athens used its powerful navy to control the other members of the Delian League
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Consequences of the Persian Wars Set the stage for the “Golden Age” of
Athens
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Democracyand
Greece’s Golden AgeSection 3
p. 120-125
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Pericles Three Goals for Athens Pericles dominated political life in Athens
for 32 years (461 BC to 429 BC) This time is often called the “Age of
Pericles”
His three goals were…..
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Goal 1. - Stronger Democracy Increased the number of paid public
officials Now, even poor people could afford to
serve in the government
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Direct Democracy A form of government in which citizens rule
directly and not through representatives.
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Athenian and United States Democracy
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Goal 2 – Strengthen the Athenian Empire
Used money from the Delian League to build Athens’ navy
A navy was important because it kept the empire safe and protected trade
Overseas trade made Athens prosperous
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Goal 3 - Glorifying Athens Used money from the Delian League to buy
gold, ivory, and marble. More money was used to hire artisans who
worked for 15 years to build the Parthenon
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The Parthenon
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Three Styles of Greek Columns
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Greek Styles in Art The Parthenon is considered the ideal
classical Greek building
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The “Golden Mean”
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Greek Sculpture A statue of Athena was inside the
Parthenon The statue was 38 feet tall and covered
with gold and precious gems Sculpted by Phidias, Greece’s most famous
sculptor
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Greek Sculpture Classical Greek statues were graceful,
strong, and perfectly formed Their faces showed neither laughter nor
anger, only serenity
Order, balance, and proportion were most important. They set the standard for what would be called classical art.
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Greek Drama The Greeks invented drama Plays were an expression of civic pride and
a tribute to the gods Actors wore masks Wealthy citizens paid the costs of
producing the plays
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Catharsis
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Tragedy A drama with a tragic hero who faces a
dilemma, a choice between two negative outcomes
The hero has a tragic flaw, often hubris, or excessive pride.
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Aeschylus Wrote more than 80 plays The Oresteia is based on the family of
Agamemnon, commander of the Greeks during the Trojan War
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Sophocles Wrote about 100 plays Oedipus the King Antigone
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Euripides Medea
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Comedy Often poked fun at subjects like politics,
customs, or respected people
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Aristophanes First great comedies for the stage The Birds Lysistrata
About the women of Athens forcing their husbands to end the Peloponnesian War
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Spartans and Athenians Go to War The two city-states became rivals and
leaders in both pressed for war
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Peloponnesian War Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 BC Athens has a powerful navy, but Sparta
could not be attacked easily from sea
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Peloponnesian War – Pericles’ Strategy
Avoid land battles with the superior Spartan army
Wait for opportunity to attack Sparta from the sea
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The Spartan’s Advance Spartans march into Athenian territory and
burn their food supply Pericles brings those who live in the area
around Athens inside the city walls Athens was safe as long as ships could
bring supplies into the port of Athens
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Sparta Gains the Edge A plague hits Athens in the second year of
the war 1/3rd to 2/3rd of the population (including
Pericles) were killed by the plague
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A Second Disaster for Athens 415 BC Athens sends 27,000 soldiers to destroy
the polis of Syracuse, an ally of Sparta The expedition suffered a loss in 413 BC They were totally destroyed
Athens surrendered nine years later. Sparta had won the Peloponnesian War
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War Brings Political Changes After 27 years of war, Athens had lost its
empire The democracy of Athens was weakened
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Philosophers Search for Truth The term philosopher means “lover of
wisdom” Greek philosophy is based on two
assumptions: 1. The world is put together in an orderly way
and subject to unchanging laws 2. people can understand these laws through
logic and reason
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Sophists Questioned people’s unexamined beliefs
and ideas about justice and traditional values
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Protagoras Famous Sophist Questioned the existence of the traditional
Greek gods Argued that their was no universal truth
“Man is the measure of all things” His ideas were considered radical and
dangerous
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Socrates Criticized the Sophists Argued that there are universal standards
for truth and justice He encouraged Greeks to question
themselves and their moral character
“The unexamined life is not worth living”.
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The Trial of Socrates In 399 BC when Socrates was 70 years old
he was charged with “corrupting the youth of Athens” and “neglecting the city’s gods”
He was convicted by a jury and sentenced to death
He was forced to drink hemlock poison
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Plato A student of Socrates Wrote down conversations with Socrates Around 385 BC, he wrote is most famous
work “The Republic”
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Plato’s Republic Plato’s vision of a perfectly governed society Not a democracy Citizens fall into three groups Farmers and Artisans Warriors The Ruling Class
The person with the greatest insight and intellect from the ruling class would be chosen philosopher-king
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Aristotle Questioned the nature of the world and
human belief, thought, and knowledge Tried to summarize all of the knowledge of
the world up to his time Invented rules of logic Applied logic to psychology, physics, and
biology
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Aristotle’s Famous Student Aristotle worked as a tutor for Alexander,
the 13 year-old son of King Philip of Macedonia
In 343 BC, Philip was assassinated and Alexander became ruler of Macedonia
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Alexander the GreatEmpire Builder
Section 4
p. 128-131
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Philip II of Macedon The Peloponnesian War had weakened
both Athens and Sparta Philip II dreamed of taking over Greece
first, then Persia
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Macedonia Map of Macedonia
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Philip Builds Macedonia’s Power Macedonia lies just north of Greece Macedonians lived in mountain villages instead of
city-states They considered themselves Greek, but were
looked upon as uncivilized by the Greeks
Their shrewd and fearless kings were their greatest asset
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Philip’s Army Philip became king in 359 BC at 23 years
old He organized his army into phalanxes 16
men across and 16 deep They used 18-foot pikes to pave the way for
cavalry strikes through enemy lines His army proved to be unbeatable
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Demosthenes Athenian orator Tried to warn the Greeks of the threat
posed by Philip He urged the Greeks to unite against the
Macedonians but they would not agree on policy
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Battle of Chaeronea 338 BC Athens and Thebes agree to an alliance
against Macedon, but it was too late Macedonians win the battle Philip’s 18 year-old son Alexander led a
cavalry charge that helped to win the battle
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Conquest of Greece The Macedonian victory puts an end to
Greek freedom and independence Philip planned to invade Persia next but
never got the chance He was assassinated at his daughter’s
wedding in 336 BC by a former bodyguard
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Alexander the Great Philip’s son Alexander had the support of
the army and proclaimed himself king at 20 years old
He will become called Alexander the Great
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Alexander Defeats Persia He had learned science, geography, and
literature from Aristotle. He carried a copy of Homer’s Iliad with him He learned to use weapons, ride a horse,
and command troops as a young man
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Thebes City in central Greece Rebelled against Alexander He destroyed the city and sold the survivors
into slavery Other Greek city-states gave up the idea of
rebellion
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Invasion of Persia 334 BC Alexander leads 35,000 soldiers across the
Hellespont into Anatolia A Persian army of 40,000 came to defend
their empire
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Granicus River The two forces meet at the Granicus River Alexander led his forces in a offensive
attack and smashed the Persian defenses
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Darius’ Response Persians raise an army of between 50,000
and 75,000 men They were determined to crush the
Macedonians
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Battle of Issus Alexander realized he was outnumbered at
the battle He surprised the Persians by ordering his
troops to break through a weak point in the Persian lines
They charged straight at Darius Darius fled to avoid capture Alexander took control of Anatolia
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Alexander’s Ambitions Grow In an attempt to make peace, Darius III
offered Alexander control of the western part of his empire
Alexander rejected the offer and marched into Egypt, a Persian territory
The Egyptians welcomed Alexander as a liberator
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Pharaoh Alexander While in Egypt, Alexander visited the
temple of Zeus-Ammon He was crowned pharaoh He founded the city of Alexandria on the
mouth of the Nile
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Conquering the Persian Empire Alexander then moved west to
Mesopotamia Darius assembled 250,000 men Persians rode chariots with scythes on the
wheels
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Scythes Razor sharp knives or blades
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Battle of Gaugamela Small village on the ruins of ancient
Nineveh Alexander launched a phalanx attack
followed by a cavalry charge Darius again panicked and fled The battle ended Persia’s power
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Alexander Takes Persia Alexander plundered the cities of Babylon,
Susa, and Persepolis Treasure is divided among Alexander’s
army Persepolis is burned to signal destruction of
the Persian Empire
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Alexander’s Other Conquests Alexander wanted to expand his empire He pursued Darius and found him already
dead near the Caspian Sea Darius had been murdered by one of his
provincial governors
Over the next three years, Alexander pushed east into Asia
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Alexander in India In 327 BC Alexander enters the Indus
Valley He defeats an Indian army that included
200 elephants at the Hydaspes River After the victory Alexander’s soldiers
request to return home A disappointed Alexander agrees
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Alexander and His Troops On the return trip the army crossed a desert Some of the men collected water and
brought it to Alexander He poured it out in front of his troops to
show that he was willing to suffer the same hardships they did
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The Death of Alexander 323 BC Alexander is back in Babylon He announces plans to organize his empire
One year after his return Alexander becomes ill with a fever and dies
He is one month short of his 33rd birthday
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Alexander’s Legacy The empire was divided among Alexander’s
three strongest generals Antigonus – became king of Macedonia Ptolemy – became a pharaoh in Egypt Seleucus – took most of the old Persian Empire.
(The Seleucid Empire)
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Alexander’s Legacy Ended independent Greek city-states Alexander adopted Persian dress and
married a Persian wife He included conquered people in his army A blend of Macedonian, Greek, Persian,
Egyptian, and Indian cultures resulted This would come to be known as Hellenistic
culture
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The Spreadof
Hellenistic CultureSection 5
p. 132-135
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Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria After Alexander’s death a new culture
emerged It combined Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
influences This was Hellenistic culture The language was Koine
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Koine The popular language spoken in Hellenistic
cities Koine means common It was a dialect of Greek It enabled traders all over the Hellenistic
world to communicate
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Trade and Cultural Diversity Alexandria in Africa was the center of the
Hellenistic world Located in a strategic location on the
western edge of the Nile It grew and prospered from trade It became an international community
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Alexandria’s Greatest Attractions Broad avenues Greek statues Royal palaces overlooking the harbor The Tomb of Alexander 400 ft tall lighthouse known as the Pharos
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Tomb of Alexander
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The Museum at Alexandria A temple dedicated to the Muses – Greek
goddesses of arts and sciences The word museum comes from muse Art galleries A zoo Botanical gardens Dining hall
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The Library at Alexandria Half a million papyrus scrolls First research library in the world
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Science and Technology Hellenistic scholars preserved Greek and
Egyptian learning in the sciences They provided most of the scientific
knowledge available in the West until the 16th and 17th centuries
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Astronomy The museum contained an observatory Astronomers could study the planets and
stars
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Aristarcus of Samos Estimated that the sun was 300 times
larger than the earth Proposed that the earth and other planets
revolved around the sun Other astronomers of the day did not agree
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Ptolemy Alexandria’s last renowned astronomer Incorrectly placed the earth at the center of
the solar system
This view was held by astronomers for the next 14 centuries.
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Eratosthenes Closely calculated the earth’s true size Director of the library at Alexandria Used geometry to calculate the earth’s
circumference at 24,662 miles
Today we calculate it to 24,860 miles (Within 1% of modern calculations)
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Mathematics and Physics Aristarchus and Eratosthenes used a
geometry text written by Euclid Euclid wrote “The Elements” 465 geometric propositions and proofs Still the basis for modern geometry
textbooks
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Pythagorean Theorem The square of a right triangle’s hypotenuse
is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides
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Archimedes Estimated the value of pi (π) The lever The compound pulley The Archimedes screw Catapult Buoyancy
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Philosophy and Art Hellenistic scholars believed that the
universe followed rational principles Two schools of thought developed during
the Hellenistic period Stoicism Epicureanism
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Stoicism Founded by Zeno A divine power controlled the universe People should live in harmony with natural
law Vices like human desire, power, and wealth
should be controlled Followers focused on things they could
control
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Epicureanism Founded by Epicurus Universe is composed of atoms and controlled by
gods who had no interest in humans Only objects that the 5 senses could perceive
were real The greatest good and highest pleasure come
from virtuous conduct and the absence of pain Achieve harmony between body and mind
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Epicurean Today the term has come to mean a person
devoted to pursuing human pleasures
During his lifetime Epicurus advocated moderation in all things
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Realism in Sculpture Rulers, wealthy merchants, and cities all
purchased statues to honor the gods, commemorate heroes, and portray ordinary people
The largest known Hellenistic statue was the Colossus of Rhodes
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Colossus of Rhodes Stood over 100 feet tall Toppled by an earthquake
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Winged Victory of Samothrace
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Hellenistic Sculpture More realistic More emotional Real people in real situations were carved
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Hellenistic World in Decline By 150 BC the Hellenistic world was in
decline Rome was growing and gaining in strength Greek drama, architecture, sculpture,
religion, and philosophy were preserved and eventually became the core of Western civilization