Download - BEHAVIORISM
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THEORY AND THERAPY
BEHAVIORISM
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PERSONALITY—WHAT IS, AND HOW IS IT MEASURED?
• Personality- an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling• How do they understand personality?• 4 main approaches• Trait-biological• Psychodynamic• Humanistic• Social-cognitive
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PERSONALITY INVENTORIES
• Self-report(most popular technique)- a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state (pg.335)
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)- a well researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological (pg. 336)
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PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES
• Projective Techniques- standard series of ambitious stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual’s personality (pg.336)
• Types of Projective Techniques • Rorschach Inkblot Test- a projective personality test in which
individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondents inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure (pg.336)
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)- a projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people (pg.336)
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TRAIT BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHODYNAMIC
• The trait approach uses trait terms to characterize differences among individuals • According to a psychodynamic approach,
personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness – motives that can produce emotional disorders
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HUMANISTIC
• Humanistic- how humans make healthy choices that create their personality• Humanistic psychologists• Existentialist psychologists
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SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH
• Social cognitive approach: views personalities in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
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PERSON-SITUATION CONTROVERSY
• person-situation controversy: focuses on the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors• Does a person's behavior in one situation allow us
to predict future behaviors? • Answer: both, personality and situation are necessary to predict behavior
example on pg. 350
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PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS
• George Kelly suggested the idea of Personal Constructs, which are dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
Why doesn't everyone love Clowns?
example on pg. 351
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OUTCOME EXPECTANCIES
• People translate goals into behavior• outcome expectancies: a person's assumptions about the
likely consequences of a future behavior
• Outcome expectancies combined with a person's goals produce the person's characteristic style of behavior.
• Self concepts: A person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics
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BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE THERAPIES
• Emphasize the current factors that contribute to the problem
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BEHAVIOR THERAPY
• Assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors. • Eliminating unwanted behaviors: punishment/ reward• Promoting desired behaviors: Token Economy= giving
clients “tokens” for desired behaviors, which they later can trade in for rewards
• Reducing unwanted emotional responses: Exposure therapy= confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to decrease in the emotional response (example pg. 405)
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COGNITIVE THERAPY
• Focuses on helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world.• Uses principle technique called cognitive
restructuring• Teaching clients to question the automatic beliefs,
assumptions , and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs.
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COGNITVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY(CBT)
• Blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies• “Problem Focused” =undertaken for specific
problems• “Action oriented” =therapist tries to assist the
client in in selecting specific strategies to help address those problems. (example pg.407)
• Transparent in that nothing is withheld from client• Clients have a good understanding of the
treatment and of the specific techniques used to make desired changes
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TEST QUESTION
• Does a persons personality or their behavior in one situation allow us to predict their future behavior?
A. PersonalityB. SituationC. BothD. None
Answer: C: Both