Bangalore

Bengalūru (????????)Bangalore

Vidhana Soudha

Bengalūru (????????)Location of Bengalūru (????????)

in Karnataka and India

Country IndiaRegion BayaluseemeState KarnatakaDistrict(s) Bangalore UrbanCommissioner Dr. S. Subramanya

Population• Density

6,200,000 (3rd) (2007)• 8,367 /km2 (21,670 /sq mi)

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

Area• Elevation

741 km² (286 sq mi)[1]

• 920 m (3,018 ft)

Codes• Pincode • 560 xxx

•Telephone

• +91-(0)80

• UN/LOCODE

• IN BLR

• Vehicle • KA 01, KA 02, KA 03, KA 04,KA 05, KA 41, KA 50, KA 51, KA53

Coordinates: 12°58′00″N 77°34′00″E /12.966667°N 77.566667°E / 12.966667;77.566667

Bangalore ( [ˈbæŋɡəloːɾ] ), also knownas Bengaluru (Kannada: ????????,[ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu] ), is the capital of the Indianstate of Karnataka. Located on the DeccanPlateau in the south-eastern part ofKarnataka, Bangalore is India’s third mostpopulous city[2] and fifth-most populous urb-an agglomeration.

Though historical references to the citypredate 900 CE, a modern written history ofcontinuous settlement exists only from 1537,when Kempe Gowda I, who many regard asthe architect of modern Bangalore, built amud-brick fort at the site and established itas a province of the imperial VijayanagaraEmpire. During the British Raj, it became acentre of colonial rule in South India. The es-tablishment of the Bangalore Cantonmentbrought in large numbers of migrants fromother parts of the country.

Today, as a large and growing metropolis,Bangalore is home to some of the most well-recognized colleges and research institutionsin India. Numerous public sector heavy in-dustries, software companies, aerospace,telecommunications, and defence organisa-tions are located in the city. Bangalore isknown as the Silicon Valley of India becauseof its preeminent position as the nation’s

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leading IT employer and exporter.[3] A demo-graphically diverse city, Bangalore is a majoreconomic hub and the fastest growing majormetropolis in India.[4]

EtymologyThe name Bangalore is an anglicised versionof the city’s name in the Kannada language,Bengaḷūru. The earliest reference to thename "Bengaluru" was found in a ninth cen-tury Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscrip-tion on a "vīra gallu" (??? ?????) (literally,"hero stone", a rock edict extolling the vir-tues of a warrior). In this inscription found inBegur, "Bengaluru" is referred to as a placein which a battle was fought in 890. It statesthat the place was part of the Ganga King-dom until 1004 and was known as "Bengaval-uru", the "City of Guards" in Halegannada(Old Kannada.[5] An article, published in TheHindu, states:[6]

An inscription, dating back to 890CE, shows Bengaluru is over 1,000years old. But it stands neglected atthe Parvathi Nageshwara Temple inBegur near the city...written in HaleKannada (Old Kannada) of the 9thcentury CE, the epigraph refers to aBengaluru war in 890 in which But-tanachetty, a servant of Nagatta,died. Though this has been recordedby historian R. Narasimhachar in hisEpigraphia of Carnatica (Vol. 10supplementary), no efforts havebeen made to preserve it.

An apocryphal, though popular, anecdote re-counts that the 11th-century Hoysala kingVeera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedi-tion, lost his way in the forest. Tired andhungry, he came across a poor old womanwho served him boiled beans. The gratefulking named the place "benda-kaal-uru"(Kannada: ??????????) (literally, "town ofboiled beans"), which eventually evolved into"Bengalūru".[7][8]

On 11 December 2005, the Government ofKarnataka announced that it had accepted aproposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. An-anthamurthy to rename Bangalore toBengaluru.[9] On 27 September 2006, theBruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike(BBMP) passed a resolution to implement theproposed name change,[10] which was

accepted by the Government of Karnatakaand it was decided to officially implement thename change from 1 November 2006.[11][12]However, this process has been currentlystalled due to delays in getting clearancesfrom the Union Home Ministry.[13]

History

Lady Curzon hospital in the Bangalore Can-tonment was established in 1864 and laternamed after the first wife of the Viceroy ofIndia, Lord Curzon.

After centuries of the rule of the WesternGangas, Bengaluru was captured by theCholas in 1024 CE which later passed on tothe Chalukya-cholas in 1070. In 1116 theHoysala Empire, overthrew the Cholas andextended its rule over Bangalore. ModernBangalore was founded by a vassal of the Vi-jayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, whobuilt a mud-brick fort and a Nandi Temple inthe proximity of modern Bangalore in 1537.Kempe Gowda referred to the new town ashis "gandubhūmi" or "Land of Heroes".[8]

Within Bangalore Fort, the town was di-vided into smaller divisions – each called a"pete" ( [peːteː]). The town had two mainstreets – Chikkapete Street, which ran east-west, and Doddapete Street, which ran north-south. Their intersection formed the Dodda-pete Square — the heart of Bangalore.Kempe Gowda’s successor, Kempe Gowda II,built four famous towers that marked Ban-galore’s boundary.[14] During the Vijay-anagara rule, Bangalore was also referred toas "Devarāyanagara" and "Kalyānapura"("Auspicious City"). After the fall of the Vijay-anagara Empire, Bangalore’s rule changedhands several times. In 1638, a large Bijapurarmy led by Ranadulla Khan and accompan-ied by Shahji Bhonsle defeated KempeGowda III and Bangalore was given to Shahji

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as a jagir. In 1687, the Mughal general KasimKhan defeated Ekoji, son of Shahji, and thensold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar(1673–1704) of Mysore for 300,000 ru-pees.[15][16] After the death of KrishnarajaWodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed him-self the de facto ruler of Mysore. The king-dom later passed to Hyder Ali’s son TippuSultan, known as the Tiger of Mysore. Ban-galore was eventually incorporated into theBritish Indian Empire after Tippu Sultan wasdefeated and killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799). The British returned ad-ministrative control of the Bangalore "pētē"to the Maharaja of Mysore, choosing only toretain the Cantonment under their jurisdic-tion. The ’Residency’ of Mysore State wasfirst established at Mysore in 1799 and latershifted to Bangalore in the year 1804. It wasabolished in the year 1843 only to be revivedin 1881 at Bangalore and to be closed downpermanently in 1947, with Indian independ-ence. The British, found it easier to recruitemployees in the Madras Presidency and re-locate them to cantonment area during thisperiod. The Kingdom of Mysore relocated itscapital from Mysore city to Bangalore in1831.[17] Two important developments dur-ing this period contributed to the rapidgrowth of the city: the introduction of tele-graph connections and a rail connection toMadras in 1864.

Bangalore Palace, built in 1887, was home tothe rulers of Mysore

In the 19th century, Bangalore essentiallybecame a twin city, with the "pētē", whoseresidents were predominantly Kannadigas,and the "cantonment" created by the British,whose residents were predominantlyTamils.[18] Bangalore was hit by a plague

epidemic in 1898 that dramatically reducedits population. New extensions in Mallesh-wara and Basavanagudi were developed inthe north and south of the pētē. Telephonelines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations, and a health officer wasappointed to the city in 1898. In 1906, Ban-galore became the first city in India to haveelectricity, powered by the hydroelectricplant situated in Shivanasamudra. Ban-galore’s reputation as the Garden City of In-dia began in 1927 with the Silver Jubilee cel-ebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja WodeyarIV. Several projects such as the constructionof parks, public buildings and hospitals wereinstituted to beautify the city. After Indian in-dependence in August 1947, Bangalore re-mained in the new Mysore State of which theMaharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh.Public sector employment and educationprovided opportunities for Kannadigas fromthe rest of the state to migrate to the city.Bangalore experienced rapid growth in thedecades 1941–51 and 1971–81 , which sawthe arrival of many immigrants from northernKarnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had becomethe sixth largest city in India, with a popula-tion of 1,207,000.[14] In the decades that fol-lowed, Bangalore’s manufacturing base con-tinued to expand with the establishment ofprivate companies such as Motor IndustriesCompany (MICO; a subsidiary of RobertBosch GmbH), which set up its manufactur-ing plant in the city. Bangalore experienced agrowth in its real estate market in the 1980sand 1990s, spurred by capital investors fromother parts of the country who convertedBangalore’s large plots and colonial bunga-lows into multi-storied apartments.[19] In1985, Texas Instruments became the firstmultinational to set up base in Bangalore.Other Information Technology companies fol-lowed suit and by the end of the 20th cen-tury, Bangalore had firmly established itselfas the Silicon Valley of India.

GeographyClimate chart for BangaloreJ F M A M J J A S O N D

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27

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30

4

32

46

34

120

33

81

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137

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195

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64

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The Hesaraghatta Lake in Bangalore

15 17 19 22 21 20 20 19 19 19 17 16average temperatures in °Cprecipitation totals in mmsource: World Weather Information ServiceImperial conversionJ F M A M J J A S O N D

0.1

8159

0.3

8562

0.2

9067

1.8

9271

4.7

9170

3.2

8568

4.3

8267

5.4

8167

7.7

8267

7.1

8266

2.5

8063

0.9

7960

average temperatures in °Fprecipitation totals in inches

Bangalore lies in the southeast of the SouthIndian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart ofthe Mysore Plateau (a region of the largerPrecambrian Deccan Plateau) at an averageelevation of 920 m (3,018 ft). It is positionedat 12°58′N 77°34′E / 12.97°N 77.56°E /12.97; 77.56 and covers an area of 741 km²(286 mi²).[1] The majority of the city of Ban-galore lies in the Bangalore Urban district ofKarnataka and the surrounding rural areasare a part of the Bangalore Rural district.The Government of Karnataka has carved outthe new district of Ramanagara from the oldBangalore Rural district.

The topology of Bangalore is flat exceptfor a central ridge running NNE-SSW. Thehighest point is Doddabettahalli, which is962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on this ridge.[20] Nomajor rivers run through the city, though theArkavathi and South Pennar cross paths atthe Nandi Hills, 60 km (37 mi.) to the north.River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of theArkavathi, arises within the city atBasavanagudi and flows through the city. Therivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi togethercarry much of Bangalore’s sewage. A

sewerage system, constructed in 1922, cov-ers 215 km² (133 mi²) of the city and con-nects with five sewage treatment centers loc-ated in the periphery of Bangalore.[21]

In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I con-structed many lakes to meet the town’s waterrequirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, sinceoverrun by modern development, was prom-inent among those lakes. In the earlier half of20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworkswas commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail(Diwan of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide awater supply to the city. Currently, the riverKaveri provides around 80% of the total wa-ter supply to the city with the remaining 20%being obtained from the Thippagondanahalliand Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathiriver.[22] Bangalore receives 800 mil-lion litres (211 million US gallons) of water aday, more than any other Indian city.[23]However, Bangalore sometimes does facewater shortages, especially during the sum-mer season- more so in the years of low rain-fall. A random sampling study of the Air Qual-ity Index (AQI) of twenty stations within thecity indicated scores that ranged from 76 to314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollutionaround areas of traffic concentration.[24]

Bangalore has a handful of freshwaterlakes and water tanks, the largest of whichare Madivala tank, Hebbal lake, Ulsoor lakeand Sankey Tank. Groundwater occurs insilty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments.The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) isthe most dominant rock unit in the area andincludes granites, gneisses and migmatites,while the soils of Bangalore consist of redlaterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils.[24]

Vegetation in the city is primarily in theform of large deciduous canopy and minoritycoconut trees. Though Bangalore has beenclassified as a part of the seismic zone II (astable zone), it has experienced quakes ofmagnitude as high as 4.5.[25]

ClimateDue to its high elevation, Bangalore usuallyenjoys salubrious climate throughout theyear, although freak heat waves can makethings very uncomfortable in the summer.[26]The coolest month is January with an averagelow temperature of 15.1 °C and the hottestmonth is April with an average high temper-ature of 33.6 °C.[27] The highest temperatureever recorded in Bangalore is 38.9 °C and

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the lowest ever is 7.8 °C (on January1884).[28][29] Winter temperatures rarelydrop below 12 °C (54 °F), and summer tem-peratures seldom exceed 36–37 °C (100 °F).Bangalore receives rainfall from both thenortheast and the southwest monsoons andthe wettest months are September, Octoberand August, in that order.[27] The summerheat is moderated by fairly frequent thunder-storms, which occasionally cause power out-ages and local flooding. The heaviest rainfallrecorded in a 24-hour period is 179 milli-metres (7.0 in) recorded on 1 October1997.[30]

Civic AdministrationSee also: Infrastructure in Bangalore

Bangalore City officialsAdministrator S. Dilip RauMunicipalCommissioner

Dr. S. Subramanya

PoliceCommissioner

Shankar Bidari[31]

The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike(BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corpor-ation) is in charge of the civic administrationof the city.[32] It was formed in 2007 by mer-ging 100 wards of the erstwhile BangaloreMahanagara Palike, with the neighbouring 7City Municipal Councils (CMC), one TownMunicipal Council and 110 villages aroundBangalore.[32]

Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike isrun by a city council. The city council com-prises elected representatives, called"corporators", one from each of the wards(localities) of the city. Elections to the councilare held once every 5 years, with results be-ing decided by popular vote. A mayor andcommissioner of the council are also electedthrough a quota system from a ScheduledCastes and Tribes candidate or to an OtherBackward Class female candidate. Memberscontesting elections to the council representone of more of the state’s political parties.However, elections to the newly created bodyare yet to be held, due to delays in delimita-tion of wards and finalising voter lists. Thereare expected to be about 150 wards, up fromthe 100 wards of the old Bangalore Ma-hanagara Palike. Elections are expected to beheld in August 2009.[33]

The Karnataka High Court is the supreme ju-dicial body in Karnataka and is located inBangalore.

Bangalore’s rapid growth has created sev-eral problems relating to traffic congestionand infrastructural obsolescence that theBangalore Mahanagara Palike has foundchallenging to address. A 2003 Battelle En-vironmental Evaluation System (BEES) evalu-ation of Bangalore’s physical, biological andsocioeconomic parameters indicated thatBangalore’s water quality and terrestrial andaquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, whilethe city’s socioeconomic parameters (traffic,quality of life) scored poorly.[34]

The unplanned nature of growth in thecity resulted in massive traffic gridlocks thatthe municipality attempted to ease by con-structing a flyover system and by imposingone-way traffic systems. Some of the flyoversand one-ways mitigated the traffic situationmoderately but were unable to adequatelyaddress the disproportionate growth of citytraffic.[34] In 2005 both the Central Govern-ment and the State Government allocatedconsiderable portions of their annual budgetsto address Bangalore’s infrastructure.[35] TheBangalore Mahanagara Palike works with theBangalore Development Authority (BDA) andthe Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF) todesign and implement civic projects. Ban-galore generates about 3,000 tonnes of solidwaste per day, of which about 1,139 tonnesare collected and sent to composting unitssuch as the Karnataka Composting Develop-ment Corporation. The remaining solid wastecollected by the municipality is dumped inopen spaces or on roadsides outside thecity.[36]

The Bangalore City Police (BCP) has sixgeographic zones, includes the Traffic Police,

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The Vikasa Soudha is situated near the Vid-hana Soudha and hosts many stateministries.

the City Armed Reserve, the Central CrimeBranch and the City Crime Record Bureauand runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations.[37] As capital of thestate of Karnataka, Bangalore houses import-ant state government facilities such as theKarnataka High Court, the Vidhana Soudha(the home of the Karnataka state legislature)and Raj Bhavan (the residence of theGovernor of Karnataka). Bangalore contrib-utes three members to India’s lower house ofparliament, the Lok Sabha, and 28 membersto the Karnataka State Assembly.[38]

Electricity in Bangalore is regulatedthrough the Karnataka Power TransmissionCorporation Limited (KPTCL). Like many cit-ies in India, Bangalore experiences scheduledpower cuts, especially over the summer, toallow electricity providers to meet the con-sumption demands of households as well ascorporations.

EconomySee also: Housing in Bangalore, List of ITcompanies in Bangalore, and Bangalore Met-ropolitan EnvironmentBangalore’s Rs 260,260 crore (US$ 100 bil-lion) economy (2002–03 Net District Income)makes it a major economic centre in In-dia.[39] With an economic growth of 10.3%,Bangalore is the fastest growing major met-ropolis in India.[40] Additionally, Bangalore isIndia’s fourth largest fast moving consumergoods (FMCG) market.[41] The city is thethird largest hub for high net worth individu-als and is home to over 10,000 dollar million-aires and about 60,000 super-rich people

The Public Utilities Building is located on MGRoad, a major commercial center inBangalore.

who have an investable surplus of Rs. 4.5crore (US$ 1 million) and Rs. 50 lakh(US$ 100,300) respectively.[42] As of 2001,Bangalore’s share of Rs. 1,660 crore(US$ 300 million) in Foreign Direct Invest-ment was the fourth highest for an Indiancity.[43]

In the 1940, industrial visionaries such asSir Mirza Ismail and Sir Mokshagundam Vis-vesvaraya played an important role in the de-velopment of Bangalore’s strong manufactur-ing and industrial base. The headquarters ofseveral public sector undertakings such asHindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Na-tional Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), BharatHeavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), BharatElectronics Limited, Bharat Earth MoversLimited (BEML) and Hindustan MachineTools (HMT) are located in Bangalore. InJune 1972 the Indian Space Research Organ-isation (ISRO) was established under the De-partment of Space and headquartered in thecity.

Bangalore is called the Silicon Valley of In-dia because of the large number of informa-tion technology companies located in the citywhich contributed 33% of India’s Rs. 144,214

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The headquarters of Infosys, India’s secondlargest IT company, is located in Bangalore

crore (US$ 29 billion) IT exports in2006-07.[44] Bangalore’s IT industry is di-vided into three main clusters — SoftwareTechnology Parks of India (STPI); Interna-tional Tech Park, Bangalore (ITPB); and Elec-tronics City. UB City, the headquarters of theUnited Breweries Group, is a high-end com-mercial zone.[45] Infosys and Wipro, India’ssecond and third largest software companiesare headquartered in Bangalore, as are manyof the global SEI-CMM Level 5 Companies.

The growth of IT has presented the citywith unique challenges. Ideological clashessometimes occur between the city’s ITmoguls, who demand an improvement in thecity’s infrastructure, and the state govern-ment, whose electoral base is primarily thepeople in rural Karnataka.[46] Bangalore is ahub for biotechnology related industry in In-dia and in the year 2005, around 47% of the265 biotechnology companies in India werelocated here; including Biocon, India’slargest biotechnology company.[47][48]

TransportBangalore is served by the newly builtBengaluru International Airport (IATA code:BLR) which started operations from 24 May2008. The city was earlier served by the HALAirport which was India’s fourth busiest air-port.[49][50][51] Air Deccan and KingfisherAirlines have their headquarters in Ban-galore.[52]

A rapid transit system called the NammaMetro is being developed and is expected tobe operational by 2011. Once completed, thiswill encompass a 42.3 km (26.3 mi) elevatedand underground rail network comprising 41

The Bengaluru International Airport is loc-ated in Devanahalli.

stations.[53] Bangalore is well connected tothe rest of the country through the IndianRailways. The Rajdhani Express connects thecity to New Delhi, the capital of India. Ban-galore is also connected by rail to most citiesin Karnataka, as well as Mumbai, Chennai,Kolkata, Hyderabad and other major cities inIndia.[54]

BMTC’s Volvo buses are a popular mode ofcommuting within Bangalore.

Three-wheeled, black and yellow auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos, are a popularform of transport.[55] They are metered andcan accommodate up to three passengers.Taxi service within Bangalore is provided byseveral operators commonly referred to asCiti taxis which can carry up to four passen-gers and are usually metered and more ex-pensive than auto-rickshaws.[55]

Buses operated by Bangalore MetropolitanTransport Corporation (BMTC) are also ameans of public transport available in thecity.[56] While commuters can buy tickets onboarding these buses, BMTC also provides anoption of a bus pass to frequent users. BMTC

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also runs air-conditioned, red-coloured Volvobuses on major routes.[56] The KarnatakaState Road Transport Corporation operates6,600 buses on 5,700 schedules, connectingBangalore with other parts of Karnataka aswell as other states.[57]

Demographics

The Nandi Temple is a famous temple locatedin Basavanagudi, Bangalore.

With an estimated population of 5,300,000 in2009, Bangalore is the third most populouscity in India and the 28th most populous cityin the world.[59] Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhibetween 1991–2001, with a growth rate of38% during the decade. Residents of Ban-galore are referred to as Bangaloreans inEnglish or Bengaloorinavaru in Kannada,whose native speakers form about 39% of thecity’s population.[60][61]

The cosmopolitan nature of the city hasresulted in the migration of people from oth-er states to Bangalore.[62] Scheduled Castesand Tribes account for 14.3% of the city’spopulation. Apart from Kannada and English,other major languages spoken in the city are

Tamil, Telugu and Hindi.[63] According to the2001 census of India, 79.37% of Bangalore’spopulation is Hindu, roughly the same as thenational average.[64] Muslims comprise13.37% of the population, which again isroughly the same as the national average,while Christians and Jains account for 5.79%and 1.05% of the population, respectively,double that of their national averages. Anglo-Indians also form a substantial group withinthe city. Women make up 47.5% of Ban-galore’s population. Bangalore has thesecond highest literacy rate (83%) for an In-dian metropolis, after Mumbai. Roughly 10%of Bangalore’s population lives in slums[65] —a relatively low proportion when compared toother cities in the developing world such asMumbai (42%) and Nairobi (60%).[66] The2004 National Crime Records Bureau statist-ics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 9.2%of the total crimes reported from 35 majorcities in India. Delhi and Mumbai accountedfor 15.7% and 9.5% respectively.[67]

Culture

The Lal Bagh Glass House, famous for itsflower shows, is now a heritage monument.

Bangalore is known as the "Garden City of In-dia"[68] because of its greenery and the pres-ence of many public parks, including the LalBagh and Cubbon Park. Dasara, a traditionalcelebratory hallmark of the old Kingdom ofMysore, is the state festival and is celebratedwith great vigour. The city will celebratewhich is known to be Bangalore’s most im-portant and oldest festivals called "KaragaShaktyotsava" or Bangalore Karaga.[69]Deepavali, the "Festival of Lights", tran-scends demographic and religious lines andis another important festival. Other tradition-al Indian festivals such as Ganesh Chaturthi,Ugadi, Sankranthi, Eid ul-Fitr, and Christmas

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Yakshagana -- a theatre art is often played intown hall

Brigade Road is a popular commercial dis-trict in Bangalore.

are also celebrated. Bangalore is home to theKannada film industry, which churns outabout 80 Kannada movies each year.[70]. Oneof the most notable contributors to Sandal-wood, as the Kannada Movie Industry is re-ferred to, was the late Dr. Rajkumar.

The diversity of cuisine is reflective of thesocial and economic diversity of Bangalore.Roadside vendors, tea stalls, and South Indi-an, North Indian, Chinese and Western fastfood are all very popular in the city. Udupirestaurants are very popular and serve pre-dominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine.

Bangalore is also a major center of Indianclassical music and dance. Classical musicand dance recitals are widely heldthroughout the year and particularly duringthe Ramanavami and Ganesha Chaturthi fest-ivals. The Bengaluru Gayana Samaja hasbeen at the forefront of promoting classicalmusic and dance in the city. The city also hasa vibrant Kannada theater scene with organ-isations like Ranga Shankara leading theway. Bangalore is also sometimes called asthe "Pub Capital of India" and is one of thepremier places to hold international rock con-certs.[71]Sister Cities• Minsk, Belarus.[72]• San Francisco, California, United

States.[73]• Cleveland, Ohio, United States.[74]

• Kharkiv, Kharkiv oblast, Ukraine

SportsCricket is one of the most popular sports inBangalore. A significant number of nationalcricketers have come from Bangalore, includ-ing former Indian cricket team captainsRahul Dravid and Anil Kumble, and RobinUthappa among others. Many children playgully cricket on the roads and in the city’smany public fields. Bangalore’s main interna-tional cricket stadium is the M. ChinnaswamyStadium, which has a seating capacity of40,000[75] and has hosted matches duringthe 1987 Cricket World Cup and 1996 Crick-et World Cup.

The Indian Premier League (IPL) franchiseBangalore Royal Challengers and the PremierHockey League (PHL) franchise BangaloreHi-fliers are based in the city. India’s DavisCup team members, Mahesh Bhupathi[76]and Rohan Bopanna[77] also reside in Ban-galore. The city hosts the Women’s TennisAssociation (WTA) Bangalore Open tourna-ment annually. Beginning September, 2008,Bangalore will also host the Kingfisher Air-lines Tennis Open ATP tournament annu-ally.[78]

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Bangalore has a number of elite clubs, likeCentury Club,The Bangalore Golf Club, theBowring Institute and the exclusive Ban-galore Club, which counts among its previousmembers Winston Churchill and the Maha-raja of Mysore.[79] The Hindustan Aeronaut-ics Limited SC is based in Bangalore. Othersports personalities from Bangalore includenational swimming champion Nisha Millet,world snooker champion, Pankaj Advani andformer All England Open badminton champi-on Prakash Padukone.

Education

Indian Institute of Science - the premier insti-tute of science in India.

See also: Education in India and List of Ban-galore collegesUntil the early 19th century, education inBangalore was mainly run by religious lead-ers and restricted to students of that reli-gion.[80] The western system of educationwas introduced during the rule of MummadiKrishnaraja Wodeyar, when two schools wereestablished in Bangalore. Subsequently,

Wesleyan Mission established a school in1851 and the Bangalore High School whichwas started by the Government in 1858.[81]

In post-independent India, schools foryoung children are mainly based on thekindergarten form of education.[82] Primaryand secondary education in Bangalore isoffered by various schools which are affili-ated to one of the boards of education, suchas the Secondary School Leaving Certificate(SSLC), ICSE and CBSE.[83] Schools in Ban-galore are either government run or areprivate (both aided and un-aided by the gov-ernment).[84] After completing their second-ary education, students typically attend PreUniviersity (PUC) in one of three streams –Arts, Commerce or Science.[85] Upon com-pleting the required coursework, students en-roll in general or professional degrees in uni-verities. The Bangalore University,estab-lished in 1964, provides affiliation to about500 colleges, with a total student enrollmentexceeding 300,000. The university has twocampuses within Bangalore – Jnanabharathiand Central College.[86]

Indian Institute of Science, which was es-tablished in 1909 in Bangalore, is the premi-er institute for scientific research and studyin India.[87] Nationally renouned professionalinstitutes such as the National Law School ofIndia University (NLSIU), the Indian Instituteof Management, Bangalore (IIM-B) and theIndian Statistical Institute are located in Ban-galore.[87] The city is also home to the premi-er mental health institution in India NationalInstitute of Mental Health and NeuroSciences (NIMHANS), a premier mentalhealth institution is located in Bangalore.

MediaThe first printing-press was established inBangalore in the year 1840.[88] In 1859, Ban-galore Herald became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Ban-galore[89] and in 1860, Mysore Vrittanta Bod-hini became the first Kannada newspaper tobe circulated in Bangalore.[88] Currently, Vi-jaya Karnataka and The Times of India arethe most widely circulated Kannada and Eng-lish newspapers in Bangalore respectively,closely followed by the Prajavani and DeccanHerald both owned by the Printers (Mysore)Limited - the largest print media house inKarnataka.[90][91]

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Bangalore got its first radio station whenAll India Radio, the official broadcaster forthe Indian Government, started broadcastingfrom its Bangalore station on 2 November1955.[92] The radio transmission was AM, un-til in 2001, Radio City became the firstprivate channel in India to start transmittingFM radio from Bangalore.[93] In recent years,a number of FM channels have started broad-casting from Bangalore.[94] The city also hasvarious clubs for HAM radio enthusiasts.[95]

Bangalore got its first look at televisionwhen Doordarshan established a relay centrehere and started relaying programs from 1November 1981.[96] A production center wasestablished in the Doordarshan’s Bangaloreoffice in 1983, thereby allowing the introduc-tion of a news program in Kannada on 19November 1983.[96] Doordarshan alsolaunched a Kannada satellite channel on 15August 1991 which is now christened DDChandana.[96] The advent of private satellitechannels in Bangalore started in September1991 when Star TV started to broadcast itschannels.[97] Though the number of satelliteTV channels available for viewing in Ban-galore has grown over the years[98], thecable operators play a major role in the avail-ability of these channels, which has led to oc-casional conflicts.[99] Direct To Home ser-vices are also available in Bangalorenow.[100]

The first internet service provider in Ban-galore was STPI, Bangalore which started of-fering internet services in early 1990s.[101]This internet service was however restrictedto corporates, until VSNL started offeringdial-up internet services to the general publicat the end of 1995.[102] Currently, Bangalorehas the largest number of broadband internetconnections in India.[103]

See also• Tourist attractions in Bangalore• Karnataka

References[1] ^ The total area of Greater Bangalore

has been mentioned in the Karnatakabudget of 2007-08 as 741 km². "FinanceBudget for 2007-08" (PDF). Governmentof India. http://www.kar.nic.in/finance/bud2007/bs07e.pdf. Retrieved on2007-06-28.

[2] "India: largest cities and towns andstatistics of their population". WorldGazetteer. http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan.

[3] "Bangalore Crumbling". The SundayExpress. http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/full_story.php?content_id=60231.Retrieved on 2007-10-06.

[4] "India’s 10 fastest growing cities". RediffNews, dated 2008-02-06.http://us.rediff.com/money/2008/feb/06sld2.htm. Retrieved on 2009-04-07.

[5] K. Chandramouli. "The City of BoiledBeans". The Hindu. 2006. The HinduGroup. 25 July 2002

[6] "Inscription reveals Bangalore is over1,000 years old". The Hindu. ḷ2006. TheHindu Group. 20 August 2004

[7] Vijesh Kamath. "Many miles to go fromBangalore to Bengaluru". Deccan Herald.http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/Oct302006/index20581420061029.asp.Retrieved on 2007-07-02.

[8] ^ "About Bangalore - History".Department of IT and Biotechnology.2006. Government of Karnataka.

[9] "Bangalore to be renamed Bengaluru".Times of India. 11 Dec 2005.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1327370.cms. Retrieved on2009-04-19.

[10] "It will be `Bengaluru’, resolves BMP".The Hindu. 2006-09-28.http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/28/stories/2006092824250300.htm.Retrieved on 2007-05-16.

[11] "It’ll be ‘Bengaluru’ from Nov 1". DeccanHerald. 2006-10-08.http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Oct82006/index2044162006107.asp.Retrieved on 2007-05-16.

[12] "From today, Bangalore becomesBengalooru" (in English). Times of India.1 November 2006.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/264262.cms. Retrieved on2009-04-19.

[13] "Centre mum on ‘Bengaluru’". TheHindu. 2007-12-18.http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/18/stories/2007121854970600.htm.Retrieved on 2008-04-10.

[14]^ Vagale, Uday Kumar. "Public Space inBangalore: Present and Future

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Bangalore

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Projections"PDF (773 KB). DigitalLibraries and Archives. 2006. VirginiaTech. 27 April 2004.

[15]S. Srinivas. "The bean city". The Hindu.http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/22/stories/2005022201010300.htm.Retrieved on 2007-07-02.

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[18]Public Space in Bangalore: Present andFuture Projections (Chapter 8, Page 17)

[19]Benjamin, Solomon. "Governance,economic settings and poverty inBangalore"PDF (149 KB).Environment&UrbanizationVol 12 No 1 2006. United Nations PublicAdministration. 1 April 2000.

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[28]Vidyashree Amaresh. "Set up raingauges in areas prone to flooding".Online Edition of The Hindu, dated2006-05-10. http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051022920300.htm.Retrieved on 2007-12-22.

[29]Ashwini Y.S.. "B’lore weather backagain". Online Edition of The DeccanHerald, dated 2006-12-17.http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/Dec172006/city115220061217.asp.Retrieved on 2007-12-22.

[30]Ravi Sharma (2005-11-05). "Bangalore’swoes". The Frontline.http://www.flonnet.com/fl2223/stories/20051118005402400.htm. Retrieved on2008-02-05.

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Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20with%20Table%20A%20&%20B%20_Eng_.pdf.Retrieved on 2007-10-17.

[39] "All India figures at aglance"PDF (2.75 MB). Department ofEconomics and Statistics. 2006.Government of Karnataka. 16 Dec. 2005.

[40]Surat, fastest growing city. Rediff.com.29 January 2008.

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[45] "UB City is finally here". Online editionof the Times of India, dated 2006-06-22.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1672524.cms. Retrieved on2009-04-06.

[46]Surendra Munshi. "Poverty of Politics - Ifpoliticians lack vision, the rate of changewill remain slow". Online Edition of TheTelegraph.http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051110/asp/opinion/story_5421239.asp.Retrieved on 2007-10-25.

[47] "Bangalore Helix to be a reality soon".Online edition of The Hindu, dated2005-04-23. http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/23/stories/2005042301960600.htm.Retrieved on 2007-10-04.

[48] "Biocon in drug development talks withBayer". Online webpage of Reuters,dated 2007-10-04.http://www.reuters.com/article/health-SP/idUSBOM33872620071004.Retrieved on 2007-10-04.

[49]Airports Authority of India: Trafficstatistics - Passengers (Intl+Domestic),Annexure IIIC

[50]Airports Authority of India: Trafficstatistics - Aircraft movements(Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIC

[51]R. Krishnakumar. "Expressway forairport drive". Deccan Herald.

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[52] "A Sense of Deja Vu". Online Edition ofThe Business World.http://www.businessworld.in/content/view/1886/1949/1/3/. Retrieved on2007-10-04.

[53] "BMRC newsletter, dated April 2009".Official webpage of Bangalore Metro RailCorporation. http://www.bmrc.co.in/pdf/news/newsletterapril09.pdf. Retrieved on2009-04-06.

[54] "Popular Trains". Official webpage ofIndian Railway Catering and TourismCorporation Limited.http://www.irctc.co.in/Popular_trains.html. Retrieved on2007-10-17.

[55]^ "Stir leaves hundreds stranded".Online Edition of The Hindu, dated2006-12-15. http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/15/stories/2006121520050300.htm.Retrieved on 2007-10-17.

[56]^ S Praveen Dhaneshkar. "Loyalty maypay for Volvo commuters!". OnlineEdition of The Deccan Herald, dated2007-06-20.http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Jun202007/city200706208444.asp.Retrieved on 2007-04-10.

[57] "Highlights". Official webpage of theKarnataka State Road TransportCorporation. http://www.ksrtc.in.Retrieved on 2009-04-07.

[58] "Census population" (PDF). Census ofIndia. www.cicred.org. 21.http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf.Retrieved on 2008-06-07.

[59] "World: largest cities and towns andstatistics of their population". World-Gazetter.com. http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq.Retrieved on 2007-10-17.

[60]Ramachandran, Sudha. Local pridebuffets Bangalore business. Asia Times.2 April 2008.

[61]Bangalore feels bubbling Kannadiga Vsmigrant tension. Yahoo! News. 11February 2008.

[62] "Kannadigas assured of all support". TheHindu. 2006. The Hindu Group. 23 July2004.

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[63]Karnataka.com’s "Bangalore Facts".[64] "Census GIS Household".

censusindiamaps.net. 2006.[65] ""Total Population, Slum Population..."".

Archived from the original on2007-08-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20070806121833/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum/slum2.html. . Census of India, 2001.2006. Government of India.

[66]Warah, Rasna. "Slums Are the Heartbeatof Cities". The EastAfrican. 2006.National Media Group Ltd. 6 October2003

[67] "Crime in Mega Cities"PDF (159 KB).National Crime Records Bureau. 2006.Government of India. 2004.

[68] "Garden city". Online Edition of TheHindu, dated 2004-06-06.http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600520700.htm.Retrieved on 2007-10-16.

[69] "Bangalore Karaga". Online Edition ofThe Hindu, dated Monday, Apr 02, 2007.http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/02/stories/2007040221520500.htm.

[70]Ravi Sharma. "A chauvinistic turn".Online Edition of The Frontline, Volume21 - Issue 25, Dec. 04–17, 2004.http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2125/stories/20041217006413300.htm.Retrieved on 2007-11-22.

[71]Richard Plunkett (2001), p. 124.[72] "The official visit of the Republic of

Belarus parliamentary delegation to theRepublic of India is over". Website of theNational assembly of the Republic ofBelarus. http://www.sovrep.gov.by/index_eng.php/.489.2528...1.0.0.html.Retrieved on 2008-03-10.

[73]Bangalore, San Francisco are sistercities. The Hindu. 11 May 2007.

[74]Online Directory: India, Asia. SisterCities International.

[75]Cricinfo Page on Chinnaswamy Stadium[76]Profile. CBSSports.com. CBS Interactive[77]Davis Cup Players. Daviscup.com.

International Tennis Federation.[78]Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour

circuit. CBSSportsline.com.[79]Detailed Account on Bangalore Club[80]Hayavadana Rao (1929), p494[81]Hayavadana Rao (1929), p497[82] "Bangalore a hot destination for foreign

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[84] "Trimester system in all Karnatakaschools from 1 June". Online Edition ofThe Times of India, dated 2004-05-18.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/682256.cms. Retrieved on2007-10-16.

[85] "Students, parents throng PU colleges incity". Online Edition of The Hindu, dated2006-05-16. © 2006, The Hindu.http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/16/stories/2006051618850300.htm.Retrieved on 2007-10-16.

[86] "BU overloaded, wants to split". OnlineEdition of The Times of India, dated2007-01-09.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1114542.cms. Retrieved on2007-10-16.

[87]^ Parvathi Menon and Ravi Sharma."Hub of research". Online Edition of theHindu, dated 2006-09-08.http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2317/stories/20060908002809900.htm.Retrieved on 2007-10-16.

[88]^ Vijaya B. Punekar. "Assimilation: AStudy of North Indians in Bangalore".http://books.google.com/books?id=SB3_VodABdIC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=1840+printing+press+bangalore&source=web&ots=uNZGhgyiaC&sig=FcVm_5QykIKNsXVvt7YoeYTc1CA.Retrieved on 2007-10-04.

[89]M. Fazlul Hasan. "Bangalore Throughthe Centuries". Historical Publications.http://www.google.co.in/books?id=XQgiAAAAMAAJ&dq=Bangalore+Herald+1859&q=1859&pgis=1#search.Retrieved on 2007-10-07.

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[95] Juliana Lazarus. "Of young ladies and oldmen". Online Edition of The Hindu, dated2003-01-13. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/13/stories/2003011301310100.htm. Retrieved on2007-10-08.

[96]^ "Doordarshan, Bangalore". Onlinewebpage of the Press InformationBureau. http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/media.htm. Retrieved on 2007-10-07.

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[98] "Consolidated list of channels allowed tobe carried by Cable operators/Multisystem operators/DTH licensees inIndia". Online webpage of the Ministry ofInformation and Broadcasting,Government of India. http://mib.nic.in/informationb/CODES/Consolidatedchannels310707.htm.Retrieved on 2007-10-04.

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[101]Rakesh Basant. "Bangalore Cluster:Evolution, Growth and Challengers"(PDF). http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2006-05-02rbasant.pdf.Retrieved on 2007-10-08.

[102]"A short recap on Internet developmentsin India". http://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/sep/07net.htm. Retrievedon 2007-10-08.

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Further reading• Hasan, Fazlul. Bangalore Through The

Centuries. Bangalore: HistoricalPublications, 1970.

• Plunkett, Richard. South India. LonelyPlanet, 2001. ISBN 1864501618

• Vagale, Uday Kumar. "Public Space inBangalore: Present and FutureProjections"PDF (773 KB). DigitalLibraries and Archives. 2006. VirginiaTech. 27 April 2004.

• "Environmental Impact Analysis"PDF.Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid TransportCorporation Limited.. 2006. Governmentof Karnataka. 2005.

• Hunter, Cotton, Burn, Meyer. "TheImperial Gazetteer of India". 2006.Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1909.

• "Bangalore." Encyclopedia Britannica.1911 ed.

• Hayavadana Rao, The Mysore StateGazetteer, 1929

External links• Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike -

(Municipal government)• Bangalore one service portal• Lalbagh Botanical Garden, Bangalore• Bangalore at the Open Directory Project• Bengaluru / Bangalore City Website• Bangalore Events• Bangalore travel guide from Wikitravel

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Bangalore

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Categories: Metropolitan cities in India, Bangalore, High-technology business districts, Citiesand towns in Karnataka, Indian capital cities, Bangalore railway division, Divisions of IndianRailways, South Western Railway Zone

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