Download - ATA Conference on Sustainability
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Henry OHenry O’’CleryCleryExecutive DirectorExecutive DirectorFuture Climate AustraliaFuture Climate Australia
Sustainable MobilitySustainable Mobility
The Way ForwardThe Way Forward
Automotive Training Australia 2007 Conference
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Future Climate AustraliaFuture Climate Australia
Reducing Emissions at Source Reducing Emissions at Source Promoting fuel efficient technologies & low carbon fuelsPromoting fuel efficient technologies & low carbon fuels
Providing Offset ServicesProviding Offset ServicesProviding a native biodiversity forest program and Verified EmisProviding a native biodiversity forest program and Verified Emission sion Reduction Units (VERs) to reduce carbon concentrations in the atReduction Units (VERs) to reduce carbon concentrations in the atmospheremosphere
Calculator at Calculator at www.futureclimate.com.auwww.futureclimate.com.au
Not-for-Profit Specialists in Greenhouse Impacts of
Transport & Food Chain
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Climate ChangeClimate Change
oo Climate Change is happening nowClimate Change is happening now
oo Is largely human induced due to burning fossil fuelsIs largely human induced due to burning fossil fuels
oo Impacts are going to be fundamental and dramaticImpacts are going to be fundamental and dramatic
oo For current businesses and for future generations.For current businesses and for future generations.
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Consequences for AustraliaConsequences for AustraliaChange will be progressive:Change will be progressive:
Sea level rise & more powerful storm surgesSea level rise & more powerful storm surges
Increased Drought & BushfireIncreased Drought & Bushfire
Ecology moving SouthEcology moving South
More severe & more numerous weather eventsMore severe & more numerous weather events
Reduction in soil moisture & stream flowsReduction in soil moisture & stream flows
Water becoming a critical commodityWater becoming a critical commodity
Energy becoming progressively more expensiveEnergy becoming progressively more expensive
Every resource & process has a carbon footprint!Every resource & process has a carbon footprint!
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ItIt’’s all about Risk! s all about Risk!
We consider risk every time we take out insurance on our life, We consider risk every time we take out insurance on our life, house or car, or when we travel on a plane.house or car, or when we travel on a plane.
Scientists rank climate change as very high risk (95% Scientists rank climate change as very high risk (95% probability), with great penalty attached to delay.probability), with great penalty attached to delay.
Precautionary principle says that we should cover ourselvesPrecautionary principle says that we should cover ourselves
If we take immediate action we can reduce the impacts, and If we take immediate action we can reduce the impacts, and also set ourselves on course to thrive in a future low carbon also set ourselves on course to thrive in a future low carbon world.world.
Australia will soon be introducing a Carbon Trading regimen thatAustralia will soon be introducing a Carbon Trading regimen that will impact on how we do business.will impact on how we do business.
What are the Threats and Opportunities facing us? What are the Threats and Opportunities facing us?
How do we move from here to where we need to be?How do we move from here to where we need to be?
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The Automobile The Automobile -- Three BasicsThree BasicsEnergy AvailableEnergy Available•• Petrol/diesel/LPG/CNG/Hydrogen/Petrol/diesel/LPG/CNG/Hydrogen/SynfuelSynfuel/Biofuel/Biofuel•• Battery/Battery/SupercapicatorSupercapicator•• Refuel Refuel –– Liquid/Gas/ElectricityLiquid/Gas/Electricity
Powertrain efficiencyPowertrain efficiency•• Loses 87% between tank & wheelsLoses 87% between tank & wheels•• Uses 17% of fuel standing still (urban cycle)Uses 17% of fuel standing still (urban cycle)
WeightWeight•• Do we need 1.8 to 2.5 tonnes to carry 80kg?Do we need 1.8 to 2.5 tonnes to carry 80kg?
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Energy Usage
0
20
40
60
80
100
Energy Available Available at Wheels Used to move 80kg
Losses in Drivetrain
Vehicle Weight13%
Energy in fuel
0.6%
LOSSES DUE TO:
• Drivetrain inefficiency
• Weight
• Rolling Resistance
• Aerodynamics
• Cross Section
• In urban cycle up to 17% fuel used when stationary
There is Scope for ImprovementThere is Scope for Improvement
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International Energy AgencyInternational Energy Agency•• ~870 million cars on the roads worldwide~870 million cars on the roads worldwide
•• China 20 cars per 1,000; by 2030 will be 140 by: From 40 millionChina 20 cars per 1,000; by 2030 will be 140 by: From 40 million cars now to 207 millioncars now to 207 million
•• Price of oil will skyrocket as supply cannot meet projected Price of oil will skyrocket as supply cannot meet projected demand by 2015demand by 2015
•• To limit temperature increase to 2 degrees we need to stabilise To limit temperature increase to 2 degrees we need to stabilise emissions by 2012emissions by 2012
•• By By 20302030 we will need cars that use 60% less fuel we will need cars that use 60% less fuel
•• $1 spent on fuel efficiency will save the country $2.50 in oil $1 spent on fuel efficiency will save the country $2.50 in oil importsimports
NOTENOTE: IEA is traditionally very conservative in its: IEA is traditionally very conservative in its’’ statements!statements!
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Meeting Future Energy DemandMeeting Future Energy Demand
Conventional Biomass
Energy Efficiency & Reduced Demand
Solar
Wind
Advanced Nuclear
Advanced Gas
Advanced Coal
Adapted by Graeme Pearman from Battelle: similar approach used by Princeton University, see Socolow et al. Environment , 46 (2004)
Carbon capture and sequestration
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Personal Personal Mobility?Mobility?
•• The The SegwaySegway way way ------------------
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On the other hand On the other hand ------------
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Average Fleet CO2 Emissions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Australia 80%
Cut
EU 2015 M
andate
PSA Peugeot C
itroen Fiat
Renault
Toyota
Honda
General M
otorsEU M
andate Ford
Suzuki
Volkswage
nHyun
daiNiss
anMazda BMW
Daimler
Chrysler
Australian V
oluntary
Australian A
ve Min
Gra
ms
per
Kilo
met
er
Primary Source: European Federation for Transport & Environment
EU Now
Us Now
EU 2015
We need to go here!
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Fuel/Powertrain ChoicesFuel/Powertrain ChoicesPetrol Petrol •• emits 2.64 kilos COemits 2.64 kilos CO22 per per litrelitre
Diesel Diesel •• emits 3.0 kilos COemits 3.0 kilos CO22 per per litrelitre•• but modern engines 30% more efficientbut modern engines 30% more efficient•• so 25% greenhouse savingsso 25% greenhouse savings
LPG LPG •• emits 1.82 kilos COemits 1.82 kilos CO22 per per litrelitre•• much less efficientmuch less efficient•• so 10% max greenhouse savingsso 10% max greenhouse savings
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Logan Logan –– Low Cost & 71g/kmLow Cost & 71g/km
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22ndndg Biofuel may be part of the Answerg Biofuel may be part of the Answer
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HYBRIDISATION & FUEL EFFICIENT POTENTIALTYPE FUNCTIONALITY FUEL ECONOMY
Start/Stop Engine start- stop at idle +2-4%
Mild Hybrid Engine off on deceleration +10-20%Mild regenerative braking Electric power assist
Full Hybrid Full regenerative braking +30-50% CarsEngine cycle optimization & downsize +20-40% TrucksElectric launchLimited pure electric drive
Plug-in Hybrid Plug-in rechargeable More electric +100% during chargedrive during charge- depletion depletion same Reduced refueling as full hybrid after
Plug-in Range Full-function electric drive Electricity only in EVExtender EV Initial pure electric range same as full hybrid
Significantly reduced refueling afterward
Electric Vehicle Plug-in recharge only Electricity only100% pure electric rangeNo refueling
Courtesy Challenge Bibendum Shanghai 2007
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Powertrain improvements must be costPowertrain improvements must be cost--effective effective –– gasoline gasoline can close gap with diesel can close gap with diesel –– Hybrid expensiveHybrid expensive
200%0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
0% 50% 100% 150%
Powertrain Cost Increase v Current Gasoline Unit
Driv
e C
ycle
CO
2R
educ
tion
Improved Gasoline
Source: Ricardo
250% 300%
55%
Hybrid
DieselDownsized Diesel
•• Technologies to reduce CO2 Technologies to reduce CO2 emissions generally increase emissions generally increase unit costunit cost
•• Technology combinations Technology combinations must be:must be:–– Cost effectiveCost effective–– Deliver consumer Deliver consumer
benefitsbenefits•• Most effective technologies Most effective technologies
with these characteristics:with these characteristics:–– T/C & downsizing with T/C & downsizing with
direct injectiondirect injection•• Hybrid systems deliver most Hybrid systems deliver most
CO2 benefits but expensiveCO2 benefits but expensive
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Simple StopSimple Stop--Start Costs $80Start Costs $80--$150$150
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Only 119 g/kmOnly 119 g/km
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Peugeot Diesel Hybrid Peugeot Diesel Hybrid –– 74 g/km74 g/km
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Lots of Diesel HybridsLots of Diesel Hybrids
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It doesnIt doesn’’t have to be boring!t have to be boring!
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How
a F
uel C
ell W
orks
How
a F
uel C
ell W
orks
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You can Play with the Real EstateYou can Play with the Real Estate
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Hydrogen Refueling Station Hydrogen Refueling Station –– 700 bar700 bar
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• Next generation hydrogen fuel cell vehicle
• Home CNG reformer refuelling station
Honda FCXHonda FCX
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Cars that emit 50 per cent less CO2 per kilometre than the equivalent current models could be on the road by 2030, subject to advances in hybrid and battery technologies and industry overcoming cost barriers.
Longer term, vehicle technologies to enable a 90 per cent reduction in per kilometre emissions, most likely based on battery-electric propulsion systems, are feasible.
Achieving this maximum benefit, however, is dependent on very low-CO2 power generation.
The King Review of Low Carbon Cars – October 2007
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PowertrainPowertrain•• We will all be driving electric cars in the futureWe will all be driving electric cars in the future
Energy InputsEnergy Inputs•• Pure electric will be quickPure electric will be quick--charged from the mainscharged from the mains•• Hydrogen fuelHydrogen fuel--cell hybridscell hybrids•• Other Other APUsAPUs
BatteriesBatteries•• Recent battery research has been very promisingRecent battery research has been very promising•• NiNi--MhMh the battery of choice in HEVs & PHEVs for ~5 yearsthe battery of choice in HEVs & PHEVs for ~5 years•• Lithium based batteries will take over when they are safer, costLithium based batteries will take over when they are safer, cost
less & have longer operational life less & have longer operational life •• It will take ~4 years to market once technology provenIt will take ~4 years to market once technology proven
NOTE:NOTE: The best batteries still have 100 times less energy density The best batteries still have 100 times less energy density than petrol!than petrol!
Electric VehiclesElectric Vehicles
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Only the Chinese will use Li Batteries Only the Chinese will use Li Batteries …………..
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EVs Can be WeirdEVs Can be Weird
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Or Different Or Different ……....
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Or PracticalOr Practical
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Or SportyOr Sporty
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Or Both Or Both –– 150kph, 0150kph, 0--60 60 –– 3.9 sec3.9 sec
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Fuel Cell PlugFuel Cell Plug--in Hybridin Hybrid
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GM Volt GM Volt –– PlugPlug--in Hybridin Hybrid
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Or you could take Public Transport!Or you could take Public Transport!
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MAGLEV
It was raining so the speed
was kept down….
Usually it exceeds
400 km/h!
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Future Climate AustraliaFuture Climate Australia
Calculator: Calculator: www.futureclimate.com.auwww.futureclimate.com.au
Pressure for change will be ongoing & relentless
We each have our part to play
What will our Automotive Industry look like in 10 years time?