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Astronomy
Workshop
Ch 11-15From: Astro
By: Backman/Seeds
& Other Science Sources
Prepared by: Miss Julia Germann
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EINSTEIN’S
SPECIAL THEORY
OF RELATIVITY
Time Slows Down
MASS INCREASESEnergy equals mass times the speed of light squared!
Mass is related to the speed of light!
*Travelling Near
the Speed of Light
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EINSTEIN’S
General Theory
of Relativity
Photons travel through Space/Time
& the Universeexpands quicker
than the speed of light
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CMBR & COBE
Who:
◦ Arno Penzias
and Robert Wilson
What:
◦ Cosmic Microwave
Background Radiation (CMBR)
When:
◦ MB's discovery:1964
◦ findings of work
by Gamow (1940s)
Dicke’s radiometer and hypothesis.
Why:
◦ explains radiation left from
the Big Bang Theory
•Explains jumpiness of the MBR.
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Shapes of Space Time
Open Model- expand forever to infinity (infinite)d<dc *Negative Curvature *Saddle-shaped
Flat Model- expand forever to a limit & not to critical density (infite) d=dc*Flat
Closed Model- collapse (finite) d>dc*Positive-curvature
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*RADIATION> ELECTRONS>
PROTONS> H+H=HE>
PLASMA (OPAQUE AND ELECTRICALLY CHARGED)>
ATOMS>
MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION
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Steady State Theory Big Bang Theory
new particles fill in the space of the
expanding galaxy
universe looks the same daily
Hubble discovered the redshift is
proportional to its distance. This
means there was an initial high
density and high temperature state.
galaxies move/recede from each
other since they have no center
CMBR is spread over entire sky and
is evidence for this theory
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Big Bang Theory
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Dark ENERGY
Explains:
* why the universe is
expanding out of control
at an accelerated rate
*cosmological constant
*quintessence (new force)
*outcome:
big rip or big crunch
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Terrestrial vs. Jovial Planets
*Terrestrial Planets:
formed slowly from accretion
disks
high density
inner four planets
smaller, rocky
no rings, few moons
*Jovial Planets:
formed by gravitational
collapse
low density
outer four planets
larger, gaseous
ring systems, lots of moons
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FORMATION OF:
Solar system:◦ Must describe why moons/planets are cratered
Condensation and Accretion disks:◦ *Condensation, in a solar nebula, converts gasses solids,
which accretes to form billions of planetesimals.
◦ *planets> protoplanets> protoplanet at 15+earth masses=
gravitational collapse
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EARTH’s
Structure
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ABOUT THE EARTH
Global warming:1. excessive CO2
2. green house effect
3. the temperature rising
4. polar ice caps melt
5. causes coastal cities to flood
6. endangering certain species.
Differentiation:◦ separation of material by density
Ozone Layer:◦ man-made clorofluorcarbons(CFC’s) cause
the increase of UV Rays which cause skin cancers and gentic mutations
Continental drift:
◦ *Wegner found that continents were one body due to rock specimen similarities.
◦ *Glomar Challenger mapped the ridges of the earth and found samples of the core that showed seafloor spreading.
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THE MOON
DARK SIDE OF THE MOON?
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NO SUCH THING AS THE DARK SIDE! WHAT?
*NEAR SIDE (FACES US):
IMPACTS THIN THE CRUST FOR VOLCANIC FLOW
*FAR SIDE (AWAY FROM US):
NO SEAS, HAS CRATERS, ORIENTALIS (IMPACT BASIN)
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Surface Features of the Near Side
(Side Facing Us)
Labeled Map of the Moon
cratering-caused by impacts of celestial bodies like meteorites
lunar lowlands-dark seas that are smooth such as maria, or mare
highlands-bright mountainous areas which are rough
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ROCKS FOUND
ON THE MOON
(Volcanic rocks indicates presence of volcanoes)
•Breccia
• vesicular basalt
•pumice stone
•Anorthosite
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Messed-Up Mercury
Surfaces Features:
*lobate scarps, or long curved ridges
*Weird Terrain:
caused by the impact &
formation of the Caloris Basin on the other side:
1. It took a lot of energy to be weird [terrain].
2. Calories are a unit of energy.
3. The Caloris Basin created the Weird Terrain!
FACTS:
•size:1/3 of earth
•orbit:~88 days
•rotation:~58 days
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VENUS: THE GODDESS
PLANET(a) as seen through a telescope from the earth; white dot
(b ) as seen in photographs using ultraviolet light; cloud patterns
(c) as seen in photographs taken by the Russian Venera landers; fresh rocks
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CLOUDY, THICK WINDS, 900 DEGREES F, SULFURIC ACID RAIN
YOU JUST WON A
TRIP TO VENUS!
*corona- group of round cracks
*arachnoids- spiderlike corona
*volcanoes- lava flow
*craters-wind streaks
SI GHTS: I SHTAR MOUNTAI NSLAKSHMI PLAI NS
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Welcome to the new Martian Madness
Theme Parklocated on
MARS!
Check out the view of Earth
from Mars!
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MOONS OF MARS
Surface Features
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Magnetic Field: holds back solar winds,
high energy particles for giant belts
1 1 x t h e s i z e o f E a r t h
*belts- dark bands
*zones- bright bands of clouds
*Giant Red Spot-giant -circulating hurricane
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Moons of Jupiter
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ONTO SATURN’s
Moons!
Moons Shown Above Saturn:
Phoebe, Hyperion, Iapetus, Mimas, Enceladus, and more.
Titan
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Uranus*size: 4x the size of earth
*composition: H, He
*appearance: Blue-green
*rotation:17hours 14 mins
*Atmosphere: 100 degrees
cooler than Jupiter; cloudy
*Magnetic Field: none
How were the rings
discovered? *Uranus passed in front of a star
*There were dips in the
brightness of the star before and
after it passed behind the body
of Uranus.
MOONS
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NEPTUNEBREAKING NEWS: GREAT DARK SPOT disappeared
~13 moons and rings
Moon: Triton (not to be confused with
Disney’s King Triton, but
Neptune us blue like the sea)
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PLUTO’S NOT A PLANET!There’s Sneezy, Sleepy, Dopey, Doc, Happy, Bashful, Grumpy and Pluto.
“Hey, stop calling me a dwarf! I’m a real planet.”
That’s silly. Dwarf planets don’t talk.
On August 24, 2006, the International
Astronomical Union (IAU) defined what
it means to be a "planet" within the
Solar System.
This definition excluded Pluto as a
planet and added it as a member of the
new category "dwarf planet" along with
Eris and Ceres.
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EPIC BATTLE:
COMETS versus
ASTEROIDS
Comets
Asteroids
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COMETS
*icy bodies around an elliptical orbit
*they develop tails which point away from the sun
*comets leave behind meteors creating meteor showers
*Located around Kuiper Belt
(which extends beyond Neptune)
Asteroids• Small, irregular bodies
• located between Mars and Jupiter
• In the asteroid belt
• The further away, the colder
• located roughly between
the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter
Vs.
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METEORS:
METEOR-
Meteor: visible streak of light (from a meteoroid)
Meteor-oid: a meteor which falls into the earth’s
orbit and is usually vaporized
Meteor-ite: a meteoroid which survives and
reaches the ground
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*Carbon is on our bodies is formed in the core of a Red Giant star
Darwin’s theory of the evolution
*All life is related and has descended from a common ancestor
Miller-Urey experiment and life on other planets:
*tested for the occurrence of chemical origins of life.
4DNA, and how it relates to mutations.
* DNA is gentetic coding,
eventually, there is a sequence which goes wrong and genes mutate
Drake equation
*focuses on the factors which determine
how many intelligent, communicating civilizations
there are in our galaxy.
SETI Tactics:
*look for new planets
*send signals
*search for electromagnetic signals