Astronomy

Workshop

Ch 11-15From: Astro

By: Backman/Seeds

& Other Science Sources

Prepared by: Miss Julia Germann

EINSTEIN’S

SPECIAL THEORY

OF RELATIVITY

Time Slows Down

MASS INCREASESEnergy equals mass times the speed of light squared!

Mass is related to the speed of light!

*Travelling Near

the Speed of Light

EINSTEIN’S

General Theory

of Relativity

Photons travel through Space/Time

& the Universeexpands quicker

than the speed of light

CMBR & COBE

Who:

◦ Arno Penzias

and Robert Wilson

What:

◦ Cosmic Microwave

Background Radiation (CMBR)

When:

◦ MB's discovery:1964

◦ findings of work

by Gamow (1940s)

Dicke’s radiometer and hypothesis.

Why:

◦ explains radiation left from

the Big Bang Theory

•Explains jumpiness of the MBR.

Shapes of Space Time

Open Model- expand forever to infinity (infinite)d<dc *Negative Curvature *Saddle-shaped

Flat Model- expand forever to a limit & not to critical density (infite) d=dc*Flat

Closed Model- collapse (finite) d>dc*Positive-curvature

*RADIATION> ELECTRONS>

PROTONS> H+H=HE>

PLASMA (OPAQUE AND ELECTRICALLY CHARGED)>

ATOMS>

MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION

Steady State Theory Big Bang Theory

new particles fill in the space of the

expanding galaxy

universe looks the same daily

Hubble discovered the redshift is

proportional to its distance. This

means there was an initial high

density and high temperature state.

galaxies move/recede from each

other since they have no center

CMBR is spread over entire sky and

is evidence for this theory

Big Bang Theory

Dark ENERGY

Explains:

* why the universe is

expanding out of control

at an accelerated rate

*cosmological constant

*quintessence (new force)

*outcome:

big rip or big crunch

Terrestrial vs. Jovial Planets

*Terrestrial Planets:

formed slowly from accretion

disks

high density

inner four planets

smaller, rocky

no rings, few moons

*Jovial Planets:

formed by gravitational

collapse

low density

outer four planets

larger, gaseous

ring systems, lots of moons

FORMATION OF:

Solar system:◦ Must describe why moons/planets are cratered

Condensation and Accretion disks:◦ *Condensation, in a solar nebula, converts gasses solids,

which accretes to form billions of planetesimals.

◦ *planets> protoplanets> protoplanet at 15+earth masses=

gravitational collapse

EARTH’s

Structure

ABOUT THE EARTH

Global warming:1. excessive CO2

2. green house effect

3. the temperature rising

4. polar ice caps melt

5. causes coastal cities to flood

6. endangering certain species.

Differentiation:◦ separation of material by density

Ozone Layer:◦ man-made clorofluorcarbons(CFC’s) cause

the increase of UV Rays which cause skin cancers and gentic mutations

Continental drift:

◦ *Wegner found that continents were one body due to rock specimen similarities.

◦ *Glomar Challenger mapped the ridges of the earth and found samples of the core that showed seafloor spreading.

THE MOON

DARK SIDE OF THE MOON?

NO SUCH THING AS THE DARK SIDE! WHAT?

*NEAR SIDE (FACES US):

IMPACTS THIN THE CRUST FOR VOLCANIC FLOW

*FAR SIDE (AWAY FROM US):

NO SEAS, HAS CRATERS, ORIENTALIS (IMPACT BASIN)

Surface Features of the Near Side

(Side Facing Us)

Labeled Map of the Moon

cratering-caused by impacts of celestial bodies like meteorites

lunar lowlands-dark seas that are smooth such as maria, or mare

highlands-bright mountainous areas which are rough

ROCKS FOUND

ON THE MOON

(Volcanic rocks indicates presence of volcanoes)

•Breccia

• vesicular basalt

•pumice stone

•Anorthosite

Messed-Up Mercury

Surfaces Features:

*lobate scarps, or long curved ridges

*Weird Terrain:

caused by the impact &

formation of the Caloris Basin on the other side:

1. It took a lot of energy to be weird [terrain].

2. Calories are a unit of energy.

3. The Caloris Basin created the Weird Terrain!

FACTS:

•size:1/3 of earth

•orbit:~88 days

•rotation:~58 days

VENUS: THE GODDESS

PLANET(a) as seen through a telescope from the earth; white dot

(b ) as seen in photographs using ultraviolet light; cloud patterns

(c) as seen in photographs taken by the Russian Venera landers; fresh rocks

CLOUDY, THICK WINDS, 900 DEGREES F, SULFURIC ACID RAIN

YOU JUST WON A

TRIP TO VENUS!

*corona- group of round cracks

*arachnoids- spiderlike corona

*volcanoes- lava flow

*craters-wind streaks

SI GHTS: I SHTAR MOUNTAI NSLAKSHMI PLAI NS

Welcome to the new Martian Madness

Theme Parklocated on

MARS!

Check out the view of Earth

from Mars!

MOONS OF MARS

Surface Features

Magnetic Field: holds back solar winds,

high energy particles for giant belts

1 1 x t h e s i z e o f E a r t h

*belts- dark bands

*zones- bright bands of clouds

*Giant Red Spot-giant -circulating hurricane

Moons of Jupiter

ONTO SATURN’s

Moons!

Moons Shown Above Saturn:

Phoebe, Hyperion, Iapetus, Mimas, Enceladus, and more.

Titan

Uranus*size: 4x the size of earth

*composition: H, He

*appearance: Blue-green

*rotation:17hours 14 mins

*Atmosphere: 100 degrees

cooler than Jupiter; cloudy

*Magnetic Field: none

How were the rings

discovered? *Uranus passed in front of a star

*There were dips in the

brightness of the star before and

after it passed behind the body

of Uranus.

MOONS

NEPTUNEBREAKING NEWS: GREAT DARK SPOT disappeared

~13 moons and rings

Moon: Triton (not to be confused with

Disney’s King Triton, but

Neptune us blue like the sea)

PLUTO’S NOT A PLANET!There’s Sneezy, Sleepy, Dopey, Doc, Happy, Bashful, Grumpy and Pluto.

“Hey, stop calling me a dwarf! I’m a real planet.”

That’s silly. Dwarf planets don’t talk.

On August 24, 2006, the International

Astronomical Union (IAU) defined what

it means to be a "planet" within the

Solar System.

This definition excluded Pluto as a

planet and added it as a member of the

new category "dwarf planet" along with

Eris and Ceres.

EPIC BATTLE:

COMETS versus

ASTEROIDS

Comets

Asteroids

COMETS

*icy bodies around an elliptical orbit

*they develop tails which point away from the sun

*comets leave behind meteors creating meteor showers

*Located around Kuiper Belt

(which extends beyond Neptune)

Asteroids• Small, irregular bodies

• located between Mars and Jupiter

• In the asteroid belt

• The further away, the colder

• located roughly between

the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter

Vs.

METEORS:

METEOR-

Meteor: visible streak of light (from a meteoroid)

Meteor-oid: a meteor which falls into the earth’s

orbit and is usually vaporized

Meteor-ite: a meteoroid which survives and

reaches the ground

*Carbon is on our bodies is formed in the core of a Red Giant star

Darwin’s theory of the evolution

*All life is related and has descended from a common ancestor

Miller-Urey experiment and life on other planets:

*tested for the occurrence of chemical origins of life.

4DNA, and how it relates to mutations.

* DNA is gentetic coding,

eventually, there is a sequence which goes wrong and genes mutate

Drake equation

*focuses on the factors which determine

how many intelligent, communicating civilizations

there are in our galaxy.

SETI Tactics:

*look for new planets

*send signals

*search for electromagnetic signals