Review Article
Artificial Insemination in Goats: An UpdateSukanya Leethongdeei' Suppawiwat Ponglowhapan^
Abstract
««oriated with the sperm collection, storage and use.The success of the artificial insemination ^ °^ insemination with the fresh semenFurthermore the technique of insemination ^^e fertility rate is low. Therefore the deeper semen isprovide high fertility rate when using the increases the fertility and the insemination mtraulerme bydeposited increase the ferfflty. The cemc.. '^ned ot
the cervical relaxation is required to achieve this techruque.
DuHflHf Rd., Pathumwan. Bangkok 10330 Thailand'CorrespondingauthorE-tnaiI-.sukanya.mmsu.ac.lh
Thai} Vet Med Suppl. 1, 2014.44; 73-77.
Leethongdee S. & Ponglowhapan S. / Thai J Vet MedStippl. 1,2014. 44: 71-11.
Introduction
Artificial insemination (AI) has an importantrole in goat breeding especially in the intensivesystems of production. U is to control thereproduction which conjimction to an accurateprogeny test. The progeny test with AI speed up theidentification of superior buck at a yoimger age. Thenit allows extensive use of the available superior buckresults in faster genetic progress then increases therate of genetic improvement. At the farm level thecontrol of reproduction in particular population ofgoats allow kidding at a precise season of the yeartaking advantage of oestrous synchronization with itsprecise control of ovulation and parturition andfurthermore allows the advantage of out of seasonbreeding. Other benefits of AI include more efficientgenetic selection schemes and the manipulation andstorage of the genetic material by the production andcryopreservafion of goat semen for the artificialinsemination with frozen thawed semen. In addition
AI is associated with other animal health benefits.
This technique helps avoid disease transmission andallows the transport of semen and AI reduces the riskof spreading sexually genital ii\fections by naturalmating. AI allows rapid widespread diffusion ofimproved genotypes and exchange of genotypeswithout transmitting diseases.
The success of an AI program depends of theproper management of semen collection, storage anduse, the proper oestrous synchronization and theinsemination technique which also relate to the timeof insemination. The storage of semen especially inthe frozen state causes the intrastructual, biochemical
and functional damage to the spermatozoa resultingof motility, viability, impaired transport and fertility(Leboeuf et al., 2000). The fertility of stored semen isgenerally lower than that of fresh semen. Furthermorethe site within the genital tract where the semen isdeposited also relates to the fertilization rate of does.The artificial insemination techniques utilized in goatsare the vaginal AI, cervical AI, Trans cervical AI andLaparoscopic AI.
Artificial insemination techniquesArtificial insemination techniques and semen
deposited site affect the fertility in goats (Arrebola etal., 2012). There are four AI techniques that have beenused in goat breeding, vaginal insemination, cervicalinsemination, trans<ervical AI and laparoscopicintrauterine insemination. The laparoscopic AItechnique allows the semen deposit intrauterinewhich ease the spermatozoa transportation towardthe site of fertilization resulting the higher pregnancyrate than those the insemination techniques such ascervical or vaginal insemination where the semen aredeposited at the cervical canal or at the deep end ofthe vagina.
Vaginal Insemination (VAI)The vaginal insemination method involves
depositing semen deep in the vagina without anyattempt to locate the cervix then the semen isdeposited at an anterior end of vagina (Fig. 1).Vaginal insemination using fresh diluted semen is thesimplest and quickest method but requires a largesemen dose {150-400 x 10* spermatozoa painsemination). The study in the Norwegian Dairygoats illustrates that the vagina! insemination with200x 10® liquid spermatozoa resulted in 25-day nonreturn and kidding rates of 85.5 and 74.3°,respectively (Paulenz et al., 2005). While, the vaginalinsemination with the frozen thawed semen gave thetower fertilization. The field trial in the Norewegiandairy goats show that non return rate and kiddingrate after the vaginal deposition of 400 x 10* frozen-thawed spermatozoa were 64% and 58.3% (Nordstogaet al., 2010). This information suggests that the vagijulinsemination with the fresh diluted spermatozoa gavehigher fertility rate than those with frozen-thawedspermatozoa.
a) The doe is put on the rail helping allow the hindquarter of her body elevated. The vaginal speculum isutilized to locate an anterior of vagina.
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b) The frozen semen is thawed prior deposited intothe vagina.
thongdee S. &Ponglowhapan S. / 77iai} Vet Med Suppl. 1, 2014. 44: 73-77.
I Hie insemirating pipette is used for the depositionfrozen thawed semen
The red arrow presents thesemen deposition at anor of vagina.
1The vaginal artificial insemination ingoat.
The number of semen deposition does notthe fertility rate when inseminations vaginally
long as the total number of inseminated.permatozoa are equal. Nordstoga ef. Al. (2010)Slowed that fertility rates earned from the single
tion with 400 x lO' frozen-thawedtozoa and the double insemination with 200 x
,0' frozen-thawed spermatozoa had not differentiladsticaily. In fact, whenthenumber of spermatozoa
insemination reduces the fertility' rate is lower.She further investigation on reducing the number ofspermatozoa is presented. The data suggest that nonreturn rate al 25 day after the insemination and^ding rate follow the vaginal insemination with200* IC frozen-thawed spermatozoa were 37.3% and2i% respectively {Nordstoga et al., 2011). Eventtiough the vaginal insemination technique isa simple^Did less cost but the fertility follow the use offrozen•fliawed semen is poor that prevents the extensivefllilize ofthebest available buck lead to delay the rate'figenetic improvement in goat breeding. Therefore^ investigation for increase the fertility rate follow[flie insemination with frozen thawed semen isEnquired.
^tra-cervical insemination (CAl)Intra-cervical insemination iising fresh
'diluted semen is commonly used in Al ofgoat at the
farm level. When performed properly, cervicalinsemination with fresh diluted or undiluted semenresults in high fertility, whereas the fertility obtainedfollowing intra-cervical insemination with frozen-thawed (F-T) semen is lower. The cervicalinsemination with 200 x 10* liquid spermatozoaresulted in 25-day non-return and kidding rates of87.0 and 78.0%, respectively (Paulenz el al.,2005).When the cervical insemination with the frozenthawed semen gave the lower fertility rate, theexperiment in mixed bred goat in Thailand illustratethat pregnancy rate after the cervical inseminationwith 150 X 10* frozen thawed spermatozoa were15.789 % when performed single insemination and38.70% respectively {p<0.05) when performed doubleinsemination (Leethongdee et al., 2013). The semendeposition affects the pregnancy rate, the deeper thesemenwas deposited in the genital tract, the higher isthe rate of pregnancy obtained, being greater whenthe catheter reach the uterus. The experiment duringnon breedingseason in Murciano-Granadina goats inSpain shows that post-cervical insemination with thefrozen-thawed semen had the pregnancy rate 57%(Salvador et al., 2005). The depth of cervicalpenetrability is associated with the cervix anatomy.The study in Thai bred goat shows that multiparousdoes have longer cervices than the nulliparous does(4-2±0.2 cm vs 3.5±0.2 cm; p<0.05) without anydifference in the number of internal rings {p>0.05)(Intrakamhaeng et al., 2011). The depth of penetrationin multiparous does was greater than in nulliparousdoes (3.8±0.2 cm vs 2-3±0.2 cm; p<0.05)(Intrakamhaeng et al., 2011). The deeper cervicalpenetration in multiparous does suggests a potentialof deeper semen deposition which lead to the higherpregnancy rate.
Trans-cervical intrauterine insemination
(TCAl)Trans-cervical Al (TCAI) is a method of
insemination where semen is deposited deep in thecervix or even into the uterus via the cervix (Fig. 2).This method involves depositing semen as deeply aspossible; it aims to reach the uterus. The greater thedepth of insemination, the higher the expectedpregnancy and lambing rates. The success of thetTans<ervical insemination is related with the cervical
penetrability. However the complexity of the cervixprevents the passage of inseminating pipette throughthe cervix. Goat cervix has long tubular shape and theinternal cervical ring. These factors limit the cervicalpenetration. The study of Intrakamhaeng et. al, (2011)illustrates that an average length of multiparous doesis 4,2±0,2 cm. The local cervical administration of
Follicle stimulating hormone or Prostaglandin E2increase the cervical penetration in cervix of Thaigoats (Chatsumal et al., 2011). The expression ofProstaglandin receptor (EP) such as EP2 and EP4indicating the relaxation mechanism in the cervix(Leethongdee et al., '2011). The cervical relaxationallows the passage of the inseminating pipette into theuterus. The trans-cervical intrauterine insemination
V-
. i . •
.V
Leethongdee S. & Ponglowhapan S. / Vmi} Vet MedSuppl. 1, 2014. 44:73-77,
has been reported that the kidding rate follow theinsemination with Ihe frozen semen was 71 % and the
litter size was 1.76 (Sohnrey and Holtz, 2005). Thepassing of the inserrunating pipette may cause theinjury of cervical epithelium which may affect thefertility. The trans<ervical artificial inseminationprovides and acceptable kidding rate in goats.However the further inveshgation to increase thedepth of cervical penetration without the trauma ofcervical canal is warranted.
.,1ii9>nilratlon. slteJ
FcrtHisaflort^lstte
Figure 2 The semen deposition by the tTans<ervica!intra artificial insemination using the inseminatingpipette passage through the cervical canal into theuterus. The arrow represents the direction of theinseminating pipette.
Laparoscopic intrauterine artificialinsemination
Semen is deposited directly into the uterusthrough the uterine wall with the aid of a laparoscope(Fig. 3). Sedation and local tinesthesia are required.Fertility and pregnancy rates are high with eitherfresh or frozen thawed semen. A lower number of
spermatozoa can be used, typically 40 to 80 x 10^spermatozoa per insemination.
a) Laparoscopic technique.
b) Uterine hom.
^Y\M
.IT'
c) Frozen thawed semen is deposited.
d) The skin is closed and sutured.
Figure 3 The laparoscopic intrauterine artificialinsemination in goat.
The pregnancy rate follows the laparoscopicinsemination with frozen thawed semen in cashmere
does was 64.5% when does were oestrous
synchronization by CIDR and 62.7 % when oestruswas induced using progestagen sponge (Ritar et al,1990). It seem like the method of oestroussynchronization does not affected the pregnancy rateafter the laparoscopic insemination. Whereas the timeof insemination had affected the pregnancy rate, theinsemination later than 65 hour after hormonal
treatment tends to reduce the pregnancy rate (Ritar et
Leethongdee S. & Ponglowhapan S. / Thai ] Vet MedSuppl. 1, 2014.44:73-77.
al., 1990). The iaparoscopic insemination earns thebenefit of spermatozoa is deposited close to the site offertilization in the genital tract. The fertility rate wheninsemination with 10 million spermatozoa has notdiffered from the insemination with 20 million
sperma-tozoa, 6.15% vs. 63.7% respectively (Ritar etal., 1990). Even though, Iaparoscopic insemination isrequiring high skillful inseminator using thelaparoscope which is expensive tool and consider notanimal friendly welfare. The technique provides thehigh fertility rate which it may be considered use toinseminate the goat with superior genetic value.
Conclusions
The review has addressed mainly theinsemination techniques that have provided in thegoat breeding. The insemination technique gave thedifferent fertility rate according to the site ofinsemination and the storage method of semen. Thefresh semen gave the higher fertility rate compare tothe frozen thawed semen which has been stored inliquid nitrogen which may damage the spermatozoa.The site of semen deposition affects the fertility, thedeeper the semen deposition into the genital tract theincrease of the fertility. Therefore the inseminationintrauterine earns the highest fertility rate comparingto others techniques. The reducing of spermatozoaper insemination has been investigated. For theIaparoscopic insemination, the reducing of thespermatozoa did not affect the fertility rate. Thistechnique has thebenefit ofhighfertility rateand useslesser number of spermatozoa per insemination.However iaparoscopic insemination is limitedbecause of its expensive protocol and equipment.Alternatively the trans-cervical insemination providethe high fertility rate either and it is simpler techniqueas deposition of semen in uterine via cervical canal.But the complexity of the cervical anatomy limits thesuccess of the cervical penetrability. The depth ofcervical penetration has been investigated to improvethis technique aims to replace the Iaparoscopicinsemination and make it available at the farm level.
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