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AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS: A HISTORY

From: WIKIPEDIA

The African National Congress (ANC ) is the Republic of South Africa's governing political party, supported by its Tripartite Alliance with the Congress of South AfricanTrade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP), since theestablishment of non-racial democracy in April 1994. It defines itself as a "disciplinedforce of the left". [2] Members founded the organisation as the South African NativeNational Congress (SANNC ) on 8 January 1912 at the Waaihoek Wesleyan Church inBloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population. John Dube ,its first president, and poet and author Sol Plaatje were among its founding members.The organisation became the ANC in 1923 and formed a military wing, the Umkhontowe Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) in 1961.

It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level since1994. It increased its majority in the 1999 elections , and further increased it in 2004 ,with 69.7% of the votes. In 2009 its share of the vote reduced slightly, but it remainedthe dominant party with 65.9% of the votes.

Contents

[hide ] 1 History

o 1.1 Umkhonto we Sizwe 2 Ideology

o 2.1 Tripartite Allianceo 2.2 2008 schism

3 ANC flag 4 Party list 5 Election results

o 5.1 Parliament 6 Role of the ANC in resolving the conflict 7 Criticism

o 7.1 Controversy over corrupt memberso 7.2 Controversy over wasteful expenditureo 7.3 Condemnation over Secrecy Billo 7.4 Role in the Marikana Massacre

8 See also 9 References

10 External links
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ondemnation_over_Secrecy_Billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress#Role_in_the_Marikana_Massacre%23Role_in_the_Marikana_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress#See_also%23See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress#External_links%23External_links


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History

.The founding of the SANNC was in direct response to injustice against black SouthAfricans at the hands of the government then in power. It can be said that the SANNChad its origins in a pronouncement by Pixley ka Isaka Seme who said in 1911, "Forgetall the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organisation." TheSANNC was founded the following year on 8 January 1912. [3]

The government of the newly formed Union of South Africa began a systematicoppression of black people in South Africa. The Land Act was promulgated in 1913forcing many non-whites from their farms into the cities and towns to work, and torestrict their movement within South Africa.

By 1919, the SANNC was leading a campaign against passes (an ID which non-whiteshad to posses). However, it then became dormant in the mid-1920s. During that time,

black people were also represented by the ICU and the previously white-onlyCommunist party. In 1923, the organisation became the African National Congress, andin 1929 the ANC supported a militant mineworkers' strike.

By 1927, J.T. Gumede (president of the ANC) proposed co-operation with theCommunists in a bid to revitalise the organisation, but he was voted out of power in the1930s. This led to the ANC becoming largely ineffectual and inactive, until the mid-1940s when the ANC was remodelled as a mass movement.

The ANC responded militarily to attacks on the rights of black South Africans, as wellas calling for strikes, boycotts, and defiance. This led to a later Defiance Campaign in

the 1950s, a mass movement of resistance to apartheid . The government tried to stop theANC by banning party leaders and enacting new laws to stop the ANC, however thesemeasures ultimately proved to be ineffective.

In 1955, the Congress of the People officially adopted the Freedom Charter , stating thecore principles of the South African Congress Alliance , which consisted of the African

National Congress and its allies the South African Communist Party (SACP), the SouthAfrican Indian Congress , the South African Congress of Democrats (COD) and theColoured People's Congress. [4] The government claimed that this was a communistdocument, and consequently leaders of the ANC and Congress were arrested. 1960 sawthe Sharpeville massacre , in which 69 people were killed when police opened fire onanti-apartheid protesters.

Whites eventually joined the fight against apartheid, leading many Black nationalists to break away from the ANC.

During apartheid there was violence between the ANC and the Inkatha Freedom Party .For example between 1985 and 1989, 5,000 civilians were killed in fighting between thetwo parties. [5] Massacres by each of the other's supporters included the Shell Housemassacre and the Boipatong massacre .

The ANC and its members were officially removed from the United States terrorismwatch list in 2008. [6]
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2008 schism

Following Zuma's accession to the ANC leadership in 2007 and Mbeki's resignation as president in 2008, the Mbeki faction of former ministers led by Mosiuoa Lekota splitaway from the ANC to form the Congress of the People .

ANC flag

The ANC flag is composed of three stripes black, green and gold. [16] Black symbolisesthe native black people of South Africa, green represents the land and gold representsthe mineral and other natural wealth of South Africa. This flag was also the battle flag of the Umkhonto we Sizwe . The official party flag also has the emblem of the partyincorporated onto the flag.

Party list

Politicians in the party win a place in parliament by being on the Party List , which isdrawn up before the elections and enumerates, in order, the party's preferred MPs. Thenumber of seats allocated is proportional to the popular national vote, and thisdetermines the cut-off point.

The ANC has also gained members through the controversial floor crossing process.

Although most South African parties announced their candidate list for provincial premierships in the 2009 election, the ANC did not, as it is not required for parties to do

so.[17]

Election results

Proportion of votes cast for the ANC in the 2009 election, by ward.020%2040%4060%6080%80100%

Parliament[ edit ]
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National Assembly

Election year# of

overall votes% of

overall vote# of

overall seats won +/ Government

1994 12,237,655 62.65 252 / 400 in coalition1999 10,601,330 66.35 266 / 400 14 in coalition2004 10,880,915 69.69 279 / 400 13 in coalition2009 11,650,748 65.90 264 / 400 15 in coalition

Senate / NCOP

Election year # of overall seats won +/

1994 60 / 901999 63 / 90 32004 65 / 90 22009 62 / 90 3

Role of the ANC in resolving the conflict

The ANC represented the main opposition to the government during apartheid andtherefore they played a major role in resolving the conflict through participating in the

peacemaking and peace-building processes. Initially intelligence agents of the NationalParty met in secret with ANC leaders, including Nelson Mandela, to judge whether conflict resolution was possible. [18] Discussions and negotiations took place leading tothe eventual unbanning of the ANC and other opposing political parties by thenPresident de Klerk on 2 February 1990. These initial meetings were the first crucialsteps towards resolution.

The next official step towards rebuilding South Africa was the Groote Schuur Minutewhere the government and the ANC agreed on a common commitment towards theresolution of the existing climate of violence and intimidation, as well as a commitmentto stability and to a peaceful process of negotiations. The ANC negotiated the release of

political prisoners and the indemnity from prosecution for returning exiles andmoreover channels of communication were established between the Government andthe ANC.

Later the Pretoria Minute represented another step towards resolution where agreementsat Groote Schuur were reconsolidated and steps towards setting up an interimgovernment and drafting a new constitution were established as well as suspension of the military wing of the ANC the Umkhonto we Sizwe. This step helped end much of the violence within South Africa. Another agreement that came out of the PretoriaMinute was that both parties would try and raise awareness that a new way of governance was being created for South Africa, and that further violence would onlyhinder this process. However violence still continued in Kwazulu-Natal, which violatedthe trust between Mandela and de Klerk. Moreover, internal disputes in the ANC

prolonged the war as consensus on peace was not reached .[19]

The next significant steps towards resolution were the Repeal of the Population

Registration Act, the repeal of the Group Areas and the Native Land Acts and a catch-
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all Abolishment of Racially Based Measures Act was passed. [19] These measuresensured no one could claim, or be deprived of, any rights on the basis of race.

In December 1991 the Convention for a Democratic South Africa ( CODESA )was held with the aim of establishing an interim government. However a few

months later in June 1992 the Boipatong massacre occurred and all negotiationscrumbled as the ANC pulled out. After this negotiations proceeded between twoagents, Cyril Ramaphosa of the ANC, and Roelf Meyer of the National Party. Inover 40 meetings the two men discussed and negotiated over many issuesincluding the nature of the future political system, the fate of over 40,000government employees and if/how the country would be divided. The result of these negotiations was an interim constitution that meant the transition fromapartheid to democracy was a constitutional continuation and that the rule of lawand state sovereignty remained intact during the transition, which was vital for stability within the country. A date was set for the first democratic elections on27 April 1994. [19] The ANC won 62.5% of the votes and has been in power ever since. [20]

References

1. ^ a b Mapekuka, Vulindlela (November 2007). "The ANC and the SocialistInternational" . Umrabulo (African National Congress) 30 .

2. ^ "ANC Party Declaration 51" . the African National Congress. Retrieved 26July 2012.

3. ^ The African National Congress . Anc.org.za. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.4. ^ Pillay, Gerald J. (1993). Voices of Liberation: Albert Lutuli . HSRC Press.

pp. 8291. ISBN 0-7969-1356-0 .5. ^ http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB15.1F.GIF6. ^ Mandela taken off US terror list , BBC News , 1 July 20087. ^ SAhistory.org.za Retrieved 26 July 2012.8. ^ Slovo, Joe. "The South African Working Class and the National Democratic

Revolution" .9. ^ Netshitenzhe, Joel. "Understanding the tasks of the moment" . Umrabulo 25 .10. ^ Marwala, T. "The anatomy of capital and the national democratic revolution" .

Umrabulo 29 .11. ^ The Mail & Guardian A-Z of South African Politics by Barbara Ludman,

Paul Stober, and Ferial Haffagee12. ^ "ANC 'At Fork in the Road'" . 8 May 2007.

13. ^ "How the Tripartite Alliance works" . Mayibuye 2 (3). 1991.14. ^ McKinley, Dale (2003). "COSATU and the Tripartite Alliance since 1994". Rethinking the Labour Movement in the 'New' South Africa (T. Bramble and F. Barchiesi (eds)) .

15. ^ Ngonyama, Percy (16 October 2006). "The ideological differences within theTripartite Alliance: What now for the left?" .

16. ^ "The Flag of the African National Congress" . African National Congress.Retrieved 2011-08-20.

17. ^ James Myburgh The ANC's secret premier candidates . Politicsweb.co.za. 6March 2009. Retrieved on 2011-11-23.

18. ^ apartheid . Student.britannica.com (8 May 1996). Retrieved on 2011-11-23.19. ^ a b c Ross, Robert (1999). A concise history of South Africa . Cambridge

University Press.20. ^ Apartheid FAQ: When Did Apartheid End? . Africanhistory.about.com (27
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