Submitted to
Dr.zeeshan Akbar
Submitted by
14-Arid-2027-21-24-26
2: Accessory Organs It consist of
- Tongue
- Teeth
- Salivary Glands
- Liver
- Pancreas
OTHER RELEVANT STRUCTURES
Abdominal Cavity, Peritoneum, and Spleen
TONGUE. covered by mucous membrane.
Located at the floor of the mouth, between the rami of the
mandible.
PARTS
The tongue is divided into three
parts. 1. ROOT:
2. BODY:
3. APEX:
Tongue is situated on the floor of mouth ,between the rami of the mandible
It is narrower in the middle of the body but width of the apex and root is almost same .
Color of tongue is variable. PARTS OF TONGUE1.Root2.Body3.Apex
PAPILLAE: The mucous membrane of tongue
give rise a large number of projections,called papillae which are of following four tyoing
PARTS:1.Filliform2.Fungiform3.Lenticular4.vallate
1.Filliform: Thread-like and small in size and soft
touch 2.Fungiform: Mushroom-like, they are relatively large
in size . 3.Lenticular: They are rounded papillae on dorsum
linguae. 4.Vallate: *They are cup-shape. *They are 14-16 in number.
Teeth COMPOSITION. Pulp
Dentine
Enamel
Comentum
DESCRIPTION
A tooth presents four surfaces: 1. Vestibular:
2. Lingua:
3.contact
4. Masticating:
1.Crown:
It is the parts of the tooth visible
above the mucous membrane of the gum.
2.Root:
A tooth is anchored by its root .In a
socket of a bone , called alveolus
COMPUSION: TEETH IS COMPOSED OF
FOUR TYPES OF TEETH.1.PULP: Inner part of teeth that contain nerve
,vessels ,and loose connective tissue.2.Dentine: Connective tissue surrounding the
pulp.3.Enamel: Outer surface located in the root.
SETS OF TEETH diphyodont.
i) Deciduous Teeth
ii) Permanent Teeth
TYPES OF TEETH The teeth are of four types named as follows; Incisor
Canine
Premolar
molar
DENTAL FORMULA
Deciduous Teeth Formula Permanent Teeth Formula
2 (Di 0/4 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3) = 20 2 (I 0/4 C 0/0 Pm 3/3 M 3/3) = 32
Di = Incisors (of deciduous teeth)
Dc = Canine of deciduous teeth
Dp = Premolars (of deciduous
teeth)
I = Incisors of permanent teeth
C = Canines (of permanent teeth)
Pm = Premolars of permanent
teeth
M = Molars (of permanent teeth
Salivary Gland enzyme ptylalin.
TYPES OF GLANDS
Two categories: 1. Chief Salivary Glands i) Parotid gland
ii) Mandibular gland
iii) Sublingual gland
2. Minor Salivary Gland i) Labial gland
ii) Buccal gland
iii) Lingual gland
iv) Palatine gland
The parotid salivary gland secretes primarily a serous
saliva.
The mandibular and sublingual glands are classified as
mixed glands.
Most of the minor salivary glands have a mucous secretion.
largest gland of the body
1-2 % WIEGHT
DESCRIPTION The liver presents two surfaces.
(i) Parietal Surface
(ii) Visceral Surface
IMPRESSIONS i) Reticular impression
ii) Omasal impression
iii) Abomasal impression
iv) Renal impression (possess by the right kidney
pear-shaped
LIGAMENTS OF THE LIVER The attachment of the liver is governed by six chief ligaments.
1. Coronary Ligament
2. Falciform Ligament
3. Hepatorenal Ligament kidney
4. Round Ligament
5. Right Lateral Ligament
6. Left Lateral Ligamen
BLOOD SUPPLY Hepatic artery
ceoliac artery
Portal vein
FUNCTIONS OF LIVER 1. METABOLISM
1. METABOLISM
3. EXCRETION
4. PROTECTIVE
5. STORAGE of glycogen, iron, fat, vitamin A and D
Weight Aprox. 100 grams Length 12 -15 cm Greatest width of spleen 7.5 -10 cm acts as a filter for blood and plays an important role
in the immune responses of the body.
DESCRIPTION The spleen may be described as having: Two Ends i) Dorsal end or base ii) Ventral end Two Surfaces i) Parietal surface ii) Visceral surface
FUNCTIONS OF SPLEEN 1. PHAGOCYTOSIS
2. HAEMOPOIESIS
3. IMMUNE RESPONSES
4. STORAGE OF RBCs
The weight 50 to 70 grams
LOBES OF PANCREAS i) A large Right Lobe
ii) A small Left Lobe.
BLOOD SUPPLY pancreatic arteries
pancreatic veins
FUNCTIONS OF PANCREAS 1. DIGESTIVE: Trypsin,Amylase,Lipase.
2. ENDOCRINE: Insulin helps in utilizations of sugar in the cells.
Deficiency of insulin results in
Hyper- glycemia . The disease is called diabetes mellitus.
3. PANCREATIC JUICE: It provides appropriate alkaline medium
(pH – 8) for the activity of the
Pancrea-tic enzymes.
Any questions?