Download - ABSTRAK VMS
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8/10/2019 ABSTRAK VMS
1/5
Volcanogenic Massive Sulfida (VMS) adalah jenis deposit logam sulfida terutama
Cu-Zn-Pb yang berasal dari gunung api, yaitu dari larutan hydrothermal dan peristiwa
lingkungan di bawah laut. VMS merupakan akumulasi mineral sulfida yang mengendap
dari cairan hydrothermal pada atau dibawah dasar laut. VMS ini terjadi pada lingkungan
yang didominasi oleh gunung berapi, terbentuk di dasar laut, disekitar gunung berapi
bawah laut disepanjang Mid Oceanic Ridge dan dalam back arc basin.
Endapan VMS merupakan sumber utama Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag, dan Au, dan sumber yang
signifikan untuk Co, Sn, Se, Mn, Cd, In, Bi, Te, Ga, dan Ge.
Endapan VMS disebut juga dengan Endapan VHMS atau volcanic hosted massif
sulphide yang dikenal juga dengan nama endapan volcanic-associated, volcanic-hosted,
dan volcano-sedimentary-hosted massive sulphide adalah endapan sulfida logam dasar
yang terdapat di sekuen vulkanik submarin. Endapan bijih ini memiliki kadar sulfida
sangat tinggi sampai mencapai 95% sulfida dari setiap endapan bijihnya. Endapan VHMS
biasanya terjadi sebagai lensa polymetallic masif sulfida yang terbentuk pada atau dekat
dasar laut di lingkungan vulkanik bawah laut. Endapan ini terbentuk dari cairan logam
diperkaya terkait dengan konveksi hidrotermal dasar laut. Host endapan ini dapat berupa
batuan vulkanik atau batuan sedimen.
Endapan VHMS berhubungan erat dengan kegiatan vulkanik bawah laut. Larutan
hidrotermal yang berperan sangat dipengaruhi oleh fluida magmatis serta aliran air laut
yang masuk ke dalam sistem hidrotermal. Fluida meteorik berasal dari air laut yang
mempunyai karakter kimiawi tertentu dengan komposisi tinggi kadar klorida dan sulfat.
Karena merupakan percampuran antara fluida magmatis dan air laut mengakibatkan fluida
mineralisasi mempunyai salinitas tinggi (umumnya 5-20 wt% NaCl) dengan tingginya
kadar sulfida & sulfat.
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8/10/2019 ABSTRAK VMS
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Gambar 1. Proses terjadinya VMS deposit
Morfologi VMS
Deposito VMS memiliki berbagai macam morfologi, dengan gundukan berbentuk
mangkuk dan deposito berbentuk paling khas. Formasi berbentuk mangkuk terbentuk
karena saluran hidrotermal menjadisedimentary exhalative deposits dalam banyak kasus,
jenis deposito dapat bingung dengan deposito exhalative sedimen . deposito berbentuk
Gundukan terbentuk dengan cara yang sama dengan yang modern deposito sulfida masif -
melalui produksi gundukan hidrotermal yang dibentuk oleh saluran asap black smoker.
Deposito yang telah terbentuk dalam lingkungan yang didominasi oleh batuan sedimen
atau batuan vulkanik sangat permeabel dapat menunjukkan morfologi tabular yang meniru
geometri dari batuan sekitarnya.
Deposito VMS memiliki bentuk ideal dari daerah kerucut yang sangat diubahbatuan
sedimen vulkanik atau volcanogenic dalam zona pengumpan, yang disebut sulfida
stringer atau zona stockwork, ditindih oleh gundukan exhalites besar, dan diapit oleh
sulfida exhalative stratiform dikenal sebagai apron.
Thestockwork zona biasanya terdiri darivena sulfida-host (kebanyakan kalkopirit,pirit,
danpirhotit ) dengankuarsa ,klorit dan kurangkarbonat danbarit. Zona gundukan
besar terdiri dari laminasi untuk terbreksikan pirit, sfalerit, galena ), hematit , dan barit.
Gundukan bisa sampai beberapa puluh meter tebal dan beberapa ratus meter dengan
diameter. Zona apron umumnya lebihteroksidasi , dengan
stratiform, sedimen sulfidik dilaminasi, mirip dengan SEDEX bijih, dan umumnya
mangan , barium dan hematit diperkaya, dengancherts ,Jaspers dan sedimen kimia umum.
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8/10/2019 ABSTRAK VMS
3/5
Zonasi Logam
Kebanyakan VMS deposito menunjukkan zonasi logam, disebabkan oleh lingkungan
fisik dan kimia perubahan cairan hidrotermal beredar dalam dinding batu. Idealnya, hal ini
membentuk inti besar pirit dan kalkopirit sekitar tenggorokan dari sistem urat, dengan
lingkaran-kalkopirit sfalerit -pirit penilaian menjadi distal sfalerit- galena dan galena-
mangan dan akhirnya rijang -mangan- hematit fasies. Kebanyakan VMS deposito
menunjukkan zonasi vertikalemas , dengan bagian atas dingin umumnya lebih diperkaya
dengan emas dan perak. Themineralogi sulfida VMS besar terdiri dari lebih dari 90%
besi sulfida, terutama dalam bentuk pirit , dengan kalkopirit , sfalerit dan galena juga
menjadi konstituen utama. Magnetite hadir dalam jumlah kecil; dengan meningkatnya
magnetit konten, kelas bijih menjadi deposito oksida besar. Mineral Penggangu terutama
kuarsa dan pirit atau pirhotit . Karena kepadatan tinggi dari deposito beberapa telah
ditandai anomali gravitasi (Neves-Corvo ,Portugal ) yang digunakan dalam eksplorasi.
a. Asosiasi batuan
Volcanogenic Massive Sulfida (VMS) berasosiasi dengan batuan sedimen dan batuan
beku.
b. Tahapan-tahapan mineralisasi endapan VHMS sebagai berikut :
1. Air laut meresap melalui rekahan yang terbentuk di lantai samudera
2.
Fluida tersebut dipanaskan oleh batuan bagian dalam yang melebur pada kerak
samudera sampai pada temperatur setinggi 400C
3. Fluida yang panas perlahan naik ke permukaan
4.
Lalu memancar ke permukaan dan terbentuklah black smoker
Proses urat hidrotermal ini menghasilkan 2 tipe proses geologi, yaitu black smokerdan white smoker :
Tabel 1. Perbedaan dan persamaan black smoker dan white smoker
Black smoker White smoker
mempunyai suhu lebih dari 360 C memiliki suhu antara 260-300 C.
endapan mineral: pirit (FeS2),
kalkopirit (CuFeS2), anhidrit (CaSO4)
endapan mineral: pirit (FeS2),
sphalerit (ZnS)
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite&usg=ALkJrhjj2_SgelaodAyZbze84NSkMj3aBAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite&usg=ALkJrhgZlECSpo9_iQy-SpWyMkwy_Y37Rghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite&usg=ALkJrhjWJExn-B_9bjNE0I30dBL0hIJ2dwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena&usg=ALkJrhgvkjOfZbhNmHx6WGTcEgYEwTIfNwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese&usg=ALkJrhhPmOFESpOp1dtsdzOe1c76pHU3GQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chert&usg=ALkJrhgzVCd-H4zo9kVm-J6I5Wm42JcHmAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite&usg=ALkJrhh9GypvZBA-kgVGMZGaBqBoPqTfbghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold&usg=ALkJrhguPVdWMM5Ms5xjXWhwvEhLV1gN5Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy&usg=ALkJrhg863XgsoqvzSQFq6pnOX7f0Wz4EAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite&usg=ALkJrhjj2_SgelaodAyZbze84NSkMj3aBAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite&usg=ALkJrhgZlECSpo9_iQy-SpWyMkwy_Y37Rghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite&usg=ALkJrhjWJExn-B_9bjNE0I30dBL0hIJ2dwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena&usg=ALkJrhgvkjOfZbhNmHx6WGTcEgYEwTIfNwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite&usg=ALkJrhjMIM92m1jV4_7nhxX8eUZPINinNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcad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8/10/2019 ABSTRAK VMS
4/5
Pada black smokers, cairan hydrothermal yang naik berwarna hitam disebabkan oleh
partikel sufida besi dan presipitasi mineral lain merupakan cerobongnya dari larutan yang
mendingin oleh air laut yang dingin. Struktur seperti cerobong terdiri dari pyrite,
chalcopyrite, dan mineral bijih lainnya diendapkan oleh larutan hydrothermal.
Gambar 2. Pembentukan black smoker dan white smoker
TIPETIPE ENDAPAN VHMS
Terdapat tipe-tipe endapan VHMS di dunia ini berdasarkan pada litologi footwall dan
sistem geotektonik :
1. Cyprus type: berhubungan dengan tholeiitic batuan basalt dalam sekuen ofiolit(back
arc spreading ridge). Contoh: Troodos Massif (Siprus).
2.
Besshi-type: berasosiasi dengan lempeng vulkanik dan turbidit kontinental. Contoh:
Sanbagwa (Jepang).
3.
Kuroko-type: berasosiasi dengan batuan vulkanik felsik terutama kubah rhyolite (back
arc rifting). Contoh: Kuroko deposits (Jepang).
4. Primitive-type : berasosiasi dengan differensiasi magma. Contoh: Canadian Archean
rocks.
mineral yang dihasilkan yaitu mineral
sulfida
kaya akan zinc
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8/10/2019 ABSTRAK VMS
5/5
Gambar 3. Tipe-tipe Endapan VMS
ITU YANG HIMPUNAN MINERAL, AMBIL SAJA YANG DI LAPORAN DI MANADO.
TERUS ITU TEKSTUR BIJIH BLUM SA DAPAT,,,,