abstrak vms

8/10/2019 ABSTRAK VMS

1/5

Volcanogenic Massive Sulfida (VMS) adalah jenis deposit logam sulfida terutama

Cu-Zn-Pb yang berasal dari gunung api, yaitu dari larutan hydrothermal dan peristiwa

lingkungan di bawah laut. VMS merupakan akumulasi mineral sulfida yang mengendap

dari cairan hydrothermal pada atau dibawah dasar laut. VMS ini terjadi pada lingkungan

yang didominasi oleh gunung berapi, terbentuk di dasar laut, disekitar gunung berapi

bawah laut disepanjang Mid Oceanic Ridge dan dalam back arc basin.

Endapan VMS merupakan sumber utama Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag, dan Au, dan sumber yang

signifikan untuk Co, Sn, Se, Mn, Cd, In, Bi, Te, Ga, dan Ge.

Endapan VMS disebut juga dengan Endapan VHMS atau volcanic hosted massif

sulphide yang dikenal juga dengan nama endapan volcanic-associated, volcanic-hosted,

dan volcano-sedimentary-hosted massive sulphide adalah endapan sulfida logam dasar

yang terdapat di sekuen vulkanik submarin. Endapan bijih ini memiliki kadar sulfida

sangat tinggi sampai mencapai 95% sulfida dari setiap endapan bijihnya. Endapan VHMS

biasanya terjadi sebagai lensa polymetallic masif sulfida yang terbentuk pada atau dekat

dasar laut di lingkungan vulkanik bawah laut. Endapan ini terbentuk dari cairan logam

diperkaya terkait dengan konveksi hidrotermal dasar laut. Host endapan ini dapat berupa

batuan vulkanik atau batuan sedimen.

Endapan VHMS berhubungan erat dengan kegiatan vulkanik bawah laut. Larutan

hidrotermal yang berperan sangat dipengaruhi oleh fluida magmatis serta aliran air laut

yang masuk ke dalam sistem hidrotermal. Fluida meteorik berasal dari air laut yang

mempunyai karakter kimiawi tertentu dengan komposisi tinggi kadar klorida dan sulfat.

Karena merupakan percampuran antara fluida magmatis dan air laut mengakibatkan fluida

mineralisasi mempunyai salinitas tinggi (umumnya 5-20 wt% NaCl) dengan tingginya

kadar sulfida & sulfat.


2/5

Gambar 1. Proses terjadinya VMS deposit

Morfologi VMS

Deposito VMS memiliki berbagai macam morfologi, dengan gundukan berbentuk

mangkuk dan deposito berbentuk paling khas. Formasi berbentuk mangkuk terbentuk

karena saluran hidrotermal menjadisedimentary exhalative deposits dalam banyak kasus,

jenis deposito dapat bingung dengan deposito exhalative sedimen . deposito berbentuk

Gundukan terbentuk dengan cara yang sama dengan yang modern deposito sulfida masif -

melalui produksi gundukan hidrotermal yang dibentuk oleh saluran asap black smoker.

Deposito yang telah terbentuk dalam lingkungan yang didominasi oleh batuan sedimen

atau batuan vulkanik sangat permeabel dapat menunjukkan morfologi tabular yang meniru

geometri dari batuan sekitarnya.

Deposito VMS memiliki bentuk ideal dari daerah kerucut yang sangat diubahbatuan

sedimen vulkanik atau volcanogenic dalam zona pengumpan, yang disebut sulfida

stringer atau zona stockwork, ditindih oleh gundukan exhalites besar, dan diapit oleh

sulfida exhalative stratiform dikenal sebagai apron.

Thestockwork zona biasanya terdiri darivena sulfida-host (kebanyakan kalkopirit,pirit,

danpirhotit ) dengankuarsa ,klorit dan kurangkarbonat danbarit. Zona gundukan

besar terdiri dari laminasi untuk terbreksikan pirit, sfalerit, galena ), hematit , dan barit.

Gundukan bisa sampai beberapa puluh meter tebal dan beberapa ratus meter dengan

diameter. Zona apron umumnya lebihteroksidasi , dengan

stratiform, sedimen sulfidik dilaminasi, mirip dengan SEDEX bijih, dan umumnya

mangan , barium dan hematit diperkaya, dengancherts ,Jaspers dan sedimen kimia umum.
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3/5

Zonasi Logam

Kebanyakan VMS deposito menunjukkan zonasi logam, disebabkan oleh lingkungan

fisik dan kimia perubahan cairan hidrotermal beredar dalam dinding batu. Idealnya, hal ini

membentuk inti besar pirit dan kalkopirit sekitar tenggorokan dari sistem urat, dengan

lingkaran-kalkopirit sfalerit -pirit penilaian menjadi distal sfalerit- galena dan galena-

mangan dan akhirnya rijang -mangan- hematit fasies. Kebanyakan VMS deposito

menunjukkan zonasi vertikalemas , dengan bagian atas dingin umumnya lebih diperkaya

dengan emas dan perak. Themineralogi sulfida VMS besar terdiri dari lebih dari 90%

besi sulfida, terutama dalam bentuk pirit , dengan kalkopirit , sfalerit dan galena juga

menjadi konstituen utama. Magnetite hadir dalam jumlah kecil; dengan meningkatnya

magnetit konten, kelas bijih menjadi deposito oksida besar. Mineral Penggangu terutama

kuarsa dan pirit atau pirhotit . Karena kepadatan tinggi dari deposito beberapa telah

ditandai anomali gravitasi (Neves-Corvo ,Portugal ) yang digunakan dalam eksplorasi.

a. Asosiasi batuan

Volcanogenic Massive Sulfida (VMS) berasosiasi dengan batuan sedimen dan batuan

beku.

b. Tahapan-tahapan mineralisasi endapan VHMS sebagai berikut :

1. Air laut meresap melalui rekahan yang terbentuk di lantai samudera

2.

Fluida tersebut dipanaskan oleh batuan bagian dalam yang melebur pada kerak

samudera sampai pada temperatur setinggi 400C

3. Fluida yang panas perlahan naik ke permukaan

4.

Lalu memancar ke permukaan dan terbentuklah black smoker

Proses urat hidrotermal ini menghasilkan 2 tipe proses geologi, yaitu black smokerdan white smoker :

Tabel 1. Perbedaan dan persamaan black smoker dan white smoker

Black smoker White smoker

mempunyai suhu lebih dari 360 C memiliki suhu antara 260-300 C.

endapan mineral: pirit (FeS2),

kalkopirit (CuFeS2), anhidrit (CaSO4)

endapan mineral: pirit (FeS2),

sphalerit (ZnS)
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite&usg=ALkJrhjj2_SgelaodAyZbze84NSkMj3aBAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite&usg=ALkJrhgZlECSpo9_iQy-SpWyMkwy_Y37Rghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite&usg=ALkJrhjWJExn-B_9bjNE0I30dBL0hIJ2dwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena&usg=ALkJrhgvkjOfZbhNmHx6WGTcEgYEwTIfNwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese&usg=ALkJrhhPmOFESpOp1dtsdzOe1c76pHU3GQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chert&usg=ALkJrhgzVCd-H4zo9kVm-J6I5Wm42JcHmAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite&usg=ALkJrhh9GypvZBA-kgVGMZGaBqBoPqTfbghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold&usg=ALkJrhguPVdWMM5Ms5xjXWhwvEhLV1gN5Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralogy&usg=ALkJrhg863XgsoqvzSQFq6pnOX7f0Wz4EAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite&usg=ALkJrhjj2_SgelaodAyZbze84NSkMj3aBAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite&usg=ALkJrhgZlECSpo9_iQy-SpWyMkwy_Y37Rghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite&usg=ALkJrhjWJExn-B_9bjNE0I30dBL0hIJ2dwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena&usg=ALkJrhgvkjOfZbhNmHx6WGTcEgYEwTIfNwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite&usg=ALkJrhjMIM92m1jV4_7nhxX8eUZPINinNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz&usg=ALkJrhjNDJ7KGJFeMAmCRiXalKyJKxvlRAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite&usg=ALkJrhjj2_SgelaodAyZbze84NSkMj3aBAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhotite&usg=ALkJrhj00QAnMnAgbx2CdfQbiT4ae8uccghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neves-Corvo&usg=ALkJrhhrttJkboTEABaqUXH4oDgzsqRzRAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&usg=ALkJrhibx6MmXSWrUKh4lcKEv-Dn3mfbEAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&usg=ALkJrhibx6MmXSWrUKh4lcKEv-Dn3mfbEAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neves-Corvo&usg=ALkJrhhrttJkboTEABaqUXH4oDgzsqRzRAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhotite&usg=ALkJrhj00QAnMnAgbx2CdfQbiT4ae8uccghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite&usg=ALkJrhjj2_SgelaodAyZbze84NSkMj3aBAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz&usg=ALkJrhjNDJ7KGJFeMAmCRiXalKyJKxvlRAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetite&usg=ALkJrhjMIM92m1jV4_7nhxX8eUZPINinNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galena&usg=ALkJrhgvkjOfZbhNmHx6WGTcEgYEwTIfNwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphalerite&usg=ALkJrhjWJExn-B_9bjNE0I30dBL0hIJ2dwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:id:official&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=en&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite&usg=ALkJrhgZlECSpo9_iQy-SpWyMkwy_Y37Rghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=6az2UMTQKYLrrQehqIDoDw&hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dcadangan%2BVolcanogenic%2BMassive%2BSulphide%26hl%3Did%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DOr9%26tbo%3Dd%26rls%3Dorg.m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4/5

Pada black smokers, cairan hydrothermal yang naik berwarna hitam disebabkan oleh

partikel sufida besi dan presipitasi mineral lain merupakan cerobongnya dari larutan yang

mendingin oleh air laut yang dingin. Struktur seperti cerobong terdiri dari pyrite,

chalcopyrite, dan mineral bijih lainnya diendapkan oleh larutan hydrothermal.

Gambar 2. Pembentukan black smoker dan white smoker

TIPETIPE ENDAPAN VHMS

Terdapat tipe-tipe endapan VHMS di dunia ini berdasarkan pada litologi footwall dan

sistem geotektonik :

1. Cyprus type: berhubungan dengan tholeiitic batuan basalt dalam sekuen ofiolit(back

arc spreading ridge). Contoh: Troodos Massif (Siprus).

2.

Besshi-type: berasosiasi dengan lempeng vulkanik dan turbidit kontinental. Contoh:

Sanbagwa (Jepang).

3.

Kuroko-type: berasosiasi dengan batuan vulkanik felsik terutama kubah rhyolite (back

arc rifting). Contoh: Kuroko deposits (Jepang).

4. Primitive-type : berasosiasi dengan differensiasi magma. Contoh: Canadian Archean

rocks.

mineral yang dihasilkan yaitu mineral

sulfida

kaya akan zinc


5/5

Gambar 3. Tipe-tipe Endapan VMS

ITU YANG HIMPUNAN MINERAL, AMBIL SAJA YANG DI LAPORAN DI MANADO.

TERUS ITU TEKSTUR BIJIH BLUM SA DAPAT,,,,

abstrak vms

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